The full archive.

Al-Biruni's India, finished about 1030, records Indian astronomy from Sanskrit texts: the five siddhantas, Brahmagupta, Varahamihira, a round earth, a moving earth debated and eighteen number names. How he worked, what scholars credit him with, and where his Sanskrit is questioned.

How Anil Kumble took 10 for 74 against Pakistan at the Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi, on 7 February 1999: the 420 target, the 101 opening stand, the ten wickets in order, Srinath's wides, Kumble's own account and the two men who share the record.

Apsara, India's first research reactor, went critical at Trombay on 4 August 1956. What the swimming-pool reactor was, who built it, what it did for 50 years, and how the 2 MW Apsara-U with indigenous fuel replaced it in 2018.

Attimabbe of Lakkundi, titled Danachintamani, built the Brahma Jinalaya recorded in an inscription of Saka 929 (1007 CE) and backed the Kannada poet Ranna. What the slab says, how her gifts are counted, and what stands at Lakkundi today.

Balkrishna Doshi, born in Pune in 1927, became the first Indian to win the Pritzker Prize in 2018. His work spans Sangath, CEPT University, IIM Bangalore, Amdavad ni Gufa and the Aranya township in Indore, with honours from Padma Shri to Padma Vibhushan.

The Bharatiya Vayuyan Niyam, 2026 replaces the Aircraft Rules, 1937 from 1 January 2027: 220 rules, eight chapters, six schedules, design certification for Indian aircraft, fractional ownership, 21 offences and ten penalty levels, as of 6 November 2026.

How Alexander Cunningham found the Bharhut stupa in 1873, what its Brahmi captions say about Jataka scenes and donors, the dispute over the gateway inscription, and why scholars date the railing anywhere from Ashoka's time to the second century BCE.

How Bhilai Steel Plant went from a 1955 agreement with the USSR to a first blast furnace in 1959 and 130-metre rails today, with the dates, figures and wording that sources differ on.

Birju Maharaj, Kathak master of the Kalka-Bindadin gharana of Lucknow: his training under his father and uncles, the Kathak Kendra years, the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award of 1964, the Padma Vibhushan of 1986, his film work and his school Kalashram.

Coal India dispatched a record 70.3 million tonnes in October 2026 and mined 67.2 million, up 19.3 per cent, with 310 coal rakes a day loaded for power plants. The figures, the difference between supply and production, the subsidiaries behind them and the 815 million tonne target.

Daulatabad (Deogiri) Fort in Maharashtra: the scarped granite rock, rock-cut moat and smoke-trap tunnel, the Yadava court that built it up, the Delhi Sultanate raids, Tughlaq's capital, the 1633 Mughal siege and the ASI plan of 2025.

What Ashoka's two separate Kalinga edicts at Dhauli and Jaugada say, who they were written for, how Hultzsch and the ASI describe the rocks and the elephant above the Dhauli text, the 1956 to 1957 dig at Jaugada, and why edicts 11 to 13 are missing.

Bengaluru's Dhinidhi Desinghu won 100m freestyle bronze at the Dakar 2026 Youth Olympic Games on 2 November 2026 in 56.27 seconds, then 200m bronze on 6 November. The race, the records, her path from a fear of water, and what the medals mean for Indian swimming.

The full IIFA Awards 2026 result: Dhurandhar's 12 wins, Ranveer Singh's Best Actor, Aneet Padda's Best Actress for Saiyaara, Chhaava's three technical awards, the digital winners and the date of the 27th edition in Abu Dhabi.

Digi Yatra's international trial began on 1 November 2026 at seven airports for Indian e-passport holders on select Air India and IndiGo flights. How to enrol, what the chip does, what is still checked by hand, and where the data sits.

E. Sreedharan's career in dated facts: the 46-day Pamban bridge restoration, the Konkan Railway Corporation formed in 1990, the Delhi Metro from November 1997, Kochi Metro advice from 2011, and the Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan.

The Gol Gumbaz, tomb of Muhammad Adil Shah at Vijayapura (Bijapur), has a 37.92 m dome carried on eight intersecting arches. What the ASI and the 1889 survey measured, how the dome stands, the echo counts and the disputed dates.

Gommateshwara at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka: a 57-foot granite figure made for the Ganga minister Chamunda Raya in the 980s. What its base inscriptions say, why sources give 981 or 983, how tall it is, the 12-yearly anointing, and the official facts on reaching it.

The Great Himalayan National Park in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh: UNESCO's 2014 inscription, the 90,540-hectare property, its species counts, how the valleys were protected after 1984, and how to reach Tirthan, Sainj, Jiwa Nal and Parvati, checked 6 November 2026.

How Hampi's Vijayanagara capital was watered: the Turtha canal cut through rock about 1400, the Raya and Basavanna channels, the Kamalapura tank, and the Nagalapura reservoir that Domingo Paes saw built by 15,000 to 20,000 workers.

Haryana turned 60 on 1 November 2026. At the Hirak Jayanti in Kurukshetra the President launched the Diamond Jubilee logo and honoured the state's women, from Sucheta Kripalani to Manisha Bhanwala, with the sex ratio, sport and the 1966 Act behind the day.

India's green hydrogen offtake deals reached 23 contracts and 5,55,610 tonnes a year in hydrogen equivalent by October 2026, over 70 per cent for export. What Reliance, AM Green, ACME and L&T signed, and how the total compares with the 2030 target.

India was elected President of the International Solar Alliance for a third consecutive term on 3 November 2026, with France re-elected Co-President. What the Assembly decides, how the alliance began in Paris in 2015, and the funds and centres its 130 countries now run.

How India won a record sixth Asian Champions Trophy in Punjab: the 4-1 final against Japan in Mohali after a 1-0 half-time deficit, the unbeaten run from the 13-0 opener in Jalandhar, and Harmanpreet Singh's 10 goals and 250th international goal.

Indian astronomers led from Gauhati University, with the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, used ESA's Gaia data to report that UBC 63 is two star clusters, 21 and 562 million years old, that passed within 7 parsecs of each other about 6 million years ago.

A study by Tarang Vashisht, Aru Beri and colleagues used 14 Chandra, 6 XMM-Newton and 19 Swift-XRT observations from 2000 to 2024 to show that NGC 4490 ULX-8 fits a stellar-mass black hole accreting at or near the Eddington limit. What a ULX is and what the data show.

The Indian Navy freed the hijacked fishing vessel Azini off Somalia on 2 November 2026 and rescued all 20 crew after an operation of more than 48 hours, with a warship, a patrol aircraft and Marine Commandos reinforced by an IAF C-17 airdrop.

JNCASR researchers in Bengaluru report a silicon chip that guides terahertz waves across an engineered barrier with 1 to 3 per cent loss, carrying 100 Gbit/s in a splitter test. What the chip is, how it works, and where 6G stands.

Kanaklata Barua led an unarmed procession to Gohpur police station in Assam on 20 September 1942 during Quit India. What the Dictionary of Martyrs, the 1942 government report and later accounts say, and the Coast Guard ships named for her.

On 2 November 2026 Dr Jitendra Singh opened a seismological observatory at Kishtwar, the fourth in Jammu and Kashmir. What it records, where the data goes, the earthquakes that make the Doda and Kishtwar hills a monitoring priority, and the radar and weather-station build-out announced alongside.

How Kolkata built India's first metro: the 1949 idea, the 1972 foundation stone, the 24 October 1984 opening, the 1995 completion of the north-south line, and the twin tunnels under the Hooghly that opened to passengers on 15 March 2024.

The Kunjali Marakkars, admirals of the Zamorin of Calicut: the 1524 entry in the Tuhfat al-Mujahidin, the 1571 siege of Chaliyam, the fort at Kottakkal, its fall on 16 March 1600, and INS Kunjali, the Indian Navy base named for them in 1954.

Kutiyattam, the Sanskrit theatre of Kerala, was proclaimed by UNESCO in 2001 and inscribed in 2008. Who performs it, how one act becomes a play of days, the dating debate, and how it moved from temples to schools, from the sources.

Lance Naik Albert Ekka of 14 Guards and the capture of Gangasagar on 3 December 1971: the Param Vir Chakra citation, Operation Nut Cracker, the night attack along the railway line, what the fall of the position changed, and where the accounts differ.

Luna Vasahi, the Neminatha temple at Dilwara, Mount Abu: what its 32 inscriptions say about Tejahpala, the 1230 consecration, the 52 shrines and the festival rules, where the sources differ, and visitor rules checked on 6 November 2026.

The Nashik caves hold Ushavadata's inscription of free ferries on six rivers and a guild-backed fund for monks, and Queen Balasiri's record of Gautamiputra Satakarni's victory, with coin evidence and the debate on dates.

NITI Aayog launched the India Science and Technology Scoreboard on 3 November 2026: 36 states and UTs, 11 priority research areas, three sectors. Tamil Nadu leads with 44,611 publications and 16,048 patent applications for 2024-25.

Piprahwa Buddha relics from the National Museum are on view in Arunachal Pradesh: Tawang Monastery to 7 November, Bomdila 8 to 13 November, the Golden Pagoda at Namsai 14 to 20 November 2026. The schedule, the route, permits and how to reach each venue.

Two Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions at Pugalur near Karur name a Chera prince, his father and his grandfather. This is what they say word by word, how Iravatham Mahadevan read them in 1965, why scholars match the names to Patirruppattu kings, and how the dates differ.

Rudrama Devi ruled the Kakatiya kingdom of Telangana and Andhra as Rudradeva Maharaja until 1289. What the Chandupatla inscription, Talbot's study, the Telangana inscription volumes and Marco Polo's account say about her reign.

Sachin Tendulkar's record from the scorecards: a Test debut at 16 in Karachi, 200 not out at Gwalior in 2010, the 100th international hundred at Mirpur in 2012, a 200th Test at the Wankhede and the Bharat Ratna.

Saina Nehwal won the London 2012 Olympic badminton bronze on 4 August 2012, India's first medal in the sport. Her route through the draw, the bronze match, the 2015 World No. 1 ranking and the honours the record lists.

The Sangita Ratnakara of Sarngadeva, written at the Yadava court of Devagiri in the early 13th century: its seven chapters, the 264 ragas counted in the second, the older authorities it gathers, its commentaries and the dating of its king.

Tessy Thomas, an electrical engineer from Alappuzha, joined DRDO's inertial navigation group in 1988, designed guidance for the Agni series, led Agni-IV as project director and was project director (mission) for Agni-V's flight of 19 April 2012.

How Thumba, a Kerala fishing village near the magnetic equator, hosted India's first rocket launch on 21 November 1963: the church that became a laboratory, the launch-day scramble, the station's growth into VSSC, and the RH-200 still flown there every month.

The Tirukkural of Tiruvalluvar: 1,330 couplets in 133 chapters, the three books on virtue, wealth and love, the couplet of seven metrical feet, the dating debate from the first century BCE to the sixth century CE, and the 133-foot Kanyakumari statue.

How India's Traditional Knowledge Digital Library works: the 1995 turmeric patent and 1997 rejection, the neem case at the European Patent Office, the 519,978 transcribed formulations, the 18 patent offices with access and the 375 applications changed since 2009.

The UN restoration progress report of 29 October 2026 names Ganges river dolphins in India among documented species recoveries in its 35 World Restoration Flagships. What the report says, the Namami Gange flagship behind it, and what India's dolphin counts add.

What the Archaeological Survey of India's excavation reviews, a 2024 PTI report and PIB record about Vikramashila (Vikramshila) Mahavihara at Antichak, Bihar: the 330 m monastery, stupa, votive stupas, Tibetan accounts and the planned central university.

Ziro Valley in Arunachal Pradesh: how the Apatani farm rice and fish together, why UNESCO lists the Apatani Cultural Landscape as a tentative site, the Myoko and Dree festivals, and the inner line permit and route notes as checked on 6 November 2026.

ISRO announced on 3 November 2026 that Aditya-L1's VELC coronagraph, with NASA imaging and a 3D model, showed the solar eruption of 5 August 2024 expanding unevenly. What the spectra recorded, the speeds measured and how far the result goes.

Anju Bobby George's 6.70 m long jump bronze at the 2003 World Championships in Paris, attempt by attempt, with her Asian Games gold, the Athens 2004 final, the 2005 World Athletics Final upgrade and the honours that followed.

Physicist Anna Mani and the India Meteorological Department at Pune: nearly 100 kinds of weather instrument made in India, radiation stations for the International Geophysical Year, the ozonesonde of September 1964, and the wind survey of the 1980s and 1990s.

Aravind Eye Care System began as an 11-bed hospital in Madurai in 1976. Its 2025 to 2026 report counts 6,712,505 outpatient visits and 802,003 surgeries, laser procedures and injections, with paying patients funding free and subsidised care.

Air Chief Marshal Ashutosh Dixit became head of the Indian Air Force on 31 October 2026. His record as a test pilot and the four-part VAYU plan he announced on 1 November, with the Tejas Mk1A, Tejas Mk2 and AMCA at the top.

The Lobu Tua stone of 1088 at Barus in Sumatra: a Tamil merchant guild's fee order for ships, who the Five Hundred of the Thousand Directions were, what French and Indonesian excavations found, and the Tamil inscriptions from Thailand to Quanzhou.

Pandit Bhimsen Joshi of the Kirana gharana: his 1933 journey in search of a teacher, Sawai Gandharva's school, the Pune festival, the 1988 song Mile Sur Mera Tumhara and every honour checked against the Gazette of India.

Bihar Museum, Patna, is ninth on Worth a Journey's World's 100 Best Museums 2026, first in Asia and India's only entry. What the list says, who built the museum, what is in its galleries, and the hours as of 5 November 2026.

Bishnupur's terracotta temples in West Bengal: the Rasmancha of about 1600, Shyam Rai of 1643 and Jor Bangla of 1655, how the Malla kings built them, what the panels show, which dates differ between sources, and the UNESCO Tentative List entry.

Biten Singh of the Indian Army won Ironman 70.3 Goa on 1 November 2026 in 4:24:29, a course record. The splits, the podium, the Army's record at the race, his Tawang training and what he says comes next.

Burzahom, near Srinagar, is the type site of the Northern Neolithic. The ASI's 1960 to 1971 excavation found pit dwellings, early crops, burials with dogs, a trepanned skull and an engraved hunting scene. Dates and open questions are set out.

India's Capex Support Scheme to Promote Critical Mineral Processing, approved on 4 November 2026: the Rs 2,814 crore outlay, the 30 per cent subsidy, two lithium and two nickel plants, how bidders are chosen and paid, and where it sits in the National Critical Mineral Mission.

India's Cabinet approved a Rs 14,500 crore scheme on 4 November 2026 to support 92 GWh of new grid-scale storage by FY31: 60 GWh pumped hydro, 30 GWh batteries, 2 GWh newer technologies, with a 40 per cent domestic content rule for batteries.

India's Census 2027 schedule, notified on 30 October 2026: online self-enumeration from 10 January, house-to-house counting from 25 January to 28 February 2027, reference date 1 March, plus the separate timetables for Goa, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand and the snow-bound areas.

Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria, 3/1 Gorkha Rifles, and the Param Vir Chakra he won at Elisabethville in the Congo on 5 December 1961: the UN mandate, the citation, what the UN Yearbook records, the numbers that differ, and how India honours him.

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, Gujarat: the 2004 UNESCO listing, the Khichi Chauhan hill fort on Pavagadh, the siege that ended in 1484, Sultan Mahmud Begada's capital, the Jami Masjid and the stepwells, with sources and dates.

Thirteen Chausath Yogini sites, from Hirapur in Odisha to Mitaoli in Madhya Pradesh, are on India's UNESCO Tentative List. What the national dossier, the ASI and Vidya Dehejia's survey say about their plans, dates and goddesses.

How Cochin International Airport built a 12 MW solar plant in 2015, what it cost, how the grid banking arrangement works, how capacity grew to 50 MWp by 2022, and the 2018 UN Champions of the Earth award and later ACI recognition.

The Defence Acquisition Council cleared about ₹2.12 lakh crore of Army, Navy and Air Force proposals on 26 October 2026, with 82 per cent from Indian industry. What the ministry lists, what press reports add on helicopters, and what an approval in principle means.

How the Delhi Metro grew from six stations in December 2002 to about 416 km and 303 stations in Delhi-NCR: the company built for one job, what JICA's evaluation found on Phase I cost and schedule, the 8 August 2025 ridership record, and the cities that followed.

The Gupta temple at Deogarh, Lalitpur district: the 55.5 foot platform, the Sheshashayana, Nara-Narayana and Gajendramoksha reliefs, Cunningham's 1880 survey, the 1917 to 1918 excavation, the early sixth century date and why the Dashavatara name is disputed.

The Dhar iron pillar in Madhya Pradesh: three forge-welded pieces totalling 43 feet 4 inches, measured by Cousens in 1903 and studied by IIT Kanpur in 2002, with the competing dates, the 1531 fall, Jahangir's order to move it to Agra, and what its iron and rust show.

Dhamnar in Mandsaur district, Madhya Pradesh: 51 rock-cut Buddhist caves, the Bhim Bazar and Chota Bazar halls, the Dharmarajeshwara temple carved from a pit, the 1821 to 1865 surveys, the competing dates and the UNESCO Tentative List entry.

Ekamra Kshetra, the old temple town of Bhubaneswar, has 199 historic structures, from 7th century shrines to the Lingaraja. What the UNESCO dossier counts, how the temples are dated, and where scholars differ on the tower's height and builder.

Ekta Nagar, Gujarat, opened a rain forest with a 220-metre glass skywalk, a 2.62 km eco-trail, a 600-passenger Narmada cruise and an IRCTC hotel on 31 October 2026. What each is, what it cost by each source, and what is still unannounced.

India's gross GST collections reached Rs 2,31,290 crore in October 2026, up 22.9 per cent, with net revenue of Rs 2,03,356 crore and the states' receipts up 13 per cent. The GST Network figures for domestic and import revenue, refunds, April to October and each state.

Gwalior Fort's records in stone and in writing: the Chaturbhuj temple inscriptions of 875 and 876 CE with an early dated zero, the Sas Bahu temple of 1093, Man Singh Tomar's Man Mandir seen by Babur in 1528, and the 57-foot Jain Adinatha.

The HAL HF-24 Marut first flew on 17 June 1961, entered Indian Air Force service in the late 1960s and flew with Nos 10 and 220 Squadrons in the 1971 war. HAL built 147. The record of the design, the engine search and the combat, with sources that disagree flagged.

Hire Benkal in Koppal, Karnataka, has dolmens with carved portholes, a ringing stone and painted rock shelters on one granite hill. What UNESCO's 2021 dossier, the ASI record and archaeologists say about its size, age and protection.

A practical guide to the Double Decker Living Root Bridge at Nongriat, Meghalaya: the stone steps down from Tyrna, how far it is from Cherrapunji, the October to March season, other root bridge walks and how villages care for the bridges.

The IEA's India Renewable Energy Market Report 2026, launched on 3 November 2026, puts renewable capacity above 300 GW, India as the second-largest solar module maker, and fuel import savings above USD 100 billion from 2011 to 2025, with about 530 GW forecast for 2030.

India's first indigenous bullet train, built by BEML in Bengaluru for the Mumbai-Ahmedabad line: eight cars, 202 metres, 280 km/h test speed, 249 km/h service speed, about 557 passengers, the squeeze test and the contracts, as of 5 November 2026.

India's men's 50m pistol trio won world team gold in Doha on 3 November 2026 with 1659-24x. The series scores, Ravinder Singh's silver, and how India's shooters fared at the Los Angeles 2028 quota events, as of 5 November 2026.

IndiaAI Mission released EKA-1, a 26.3-billion-parameter model for all 22 scheduled Indian languages, and ZenteiQ's offline Dhīr 2B and 5B on 3 November 2026. What each model is, what the mission paid, and what is still to be shown.

How INSAT, the Indian National Satellite system, has carried television, telephone circuits, weather imaging, cyclone warnings and search-and-rescue relays since INSAT-1B reached orbit from the Space Shuttle on 30 August 1983.

ISRO reported on 16 October 2026 that Gaganyaan's crew module and service module separation tests at VSSC Thiruvananthapuram succeeded. What was tested, which systems survived the shock, and where the first uncrewed flight, G1, stands as of 5 November 2026.

ISRO chairman V Narayanan said on 24 October 2026 that India will have four functional launch pads by 2029. What the third Sriharikota pad and the Kulasekarapattinam SSLV complex are for, what is built, and the dates officials have given, as of 5 November 2026.

Jadav Payeng of Assam planted the Molai forest on a Brahmaputra sandbar near Kokilamukh from 1979. What PIB, Mongabay and The Shillong Times record: forest officials finding it in 2008, the Padma Shri list of 2015, the elephants, and the area figures of 550 and 300 hectares.

Kajal Dhochak, 18, from Lath village in Sonipat, won 76kg silver at the 2026 senior World Wrestling Championships in Astana on 28 October. The semi-final comeback from 1-7, the 8-6 final, her U20 titles and what she says comes next.

Kamala Sohonie (1911 to 1998): the Cambridge doctorate of 1939, her Nature letter with Robin Hill, the vitamin and pulse studies at Coonoor and Bombay, the neera research that won the Rashtrapati Award and her years as Director of the Royal Institute of Science.

Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra, born at Raghurajpur near Puri on 8 January 1926: his training in Rasa Leela and Gotipua, his years at Kala Vikash Kendra in Cuttack, his Odissi repertoire, his students, his honours from 1966 to 2000 and the 2026 centenary.

Khooni Bhandara, also called Kundi Bhandara, is a Mughal-era underground water system at Burhanpur in Madhya Pradesh. How the kundis and tunnels work, how much water they give, the 2019 to 2021 restoration and the 2026 MANIT survey, with the figures the sources dispute.

The Konkan geoglyphs of Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Goa: what UNESCO's Tentative List entry describes, the Barsu man with two tigers, the Kasheli elephant, how volunteers and the state archaeology department recorded them, and how old they are.

Lepakshi's Veerabhadra temple in Andhra Pradesh: the Vijayanagara ceiling paintings, the granite Nandi about 27 feet long, the hanging pillar, wall inscriptions dated 1531 to 1539 and the Jatayu tradition behind the village's name.

Major Somnath Sharma and D Company of 4 Kumaon at Badgam on 3 November 1947: Brigadier L. P. Sen's own account of the afternoon, the Army and PIB versions, the differing numbers, the first Param Vir Chakra and the Andaman islands named after its winners.

A visitor's guide to Mandu in Madhya Pradesh: the 61 protected monuments, the Jahaz Mahal between the Munj and Kapur lakes, the Hindola Mahal, Hoshang Shah's marble tomb, the Lohani caves of the Paramara period and how the royal enclave stored water.

Mary Kom's record in order: eight World Championship medals including six golds, Olympic bronze at London 2012, Asian Games gold in 2014, Commonwealth Games gold in 2018 and four national honours, with the scores and the sources behind each.

The Masrur temples in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, are cut from a single sandstone ridge about 2,500 feet up. What the 1913 to 1918 surveys found, why the shrine count is 15 or 19, how scholars date it, what the 1905 earthquake did, and how to reach it.

iGOT Karmayogi, the online learning platform of Mission Karmayogi, has more than 1.70 crore registered users and 5,600 courses in 23 languages (PIB, 5 August 2026). What the Lucknow workshop of 23 and 24 October 2026 added.

Mothers of Courage, a film on Bihar mothers who pledge to keep daughters in school, won the Creativity Award at the UN SDG Action Awards in Rome on 29 October 2026. The award, the other winners, the Shiksha Chaupal model and the organisers' dated figures.

Murlikant Petkar's road to India's first Paralympic gold at Heidelberg 1972: the Army soldier wounded in 1965, swimming rehabilitation at INHS Asvini, the 37.33 second 50 m freestyle, the Padma Shri of 2018 and the Arjuna Award (Lifetime) of 2025.

The Mysuru Dasara drone show of 18 October 2026 formed a peacock from 3,473 drones and set a Guinness World Record for the largest aerial display of a bird. The record, the 12 formations, the IIT Delhi-incubated company behind it and the fleet's growth since 2022.

Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana) is flowering around Munnar in 2026 on its own 12-year cycle. Why Chokramudi blooms in 2026 and Eravikulam in 2030, the IUCN Vulnerable listing, Kurinjimala Sanctuary and how visitors are booked.

Neerja Bhanot, senior purser of Pan Am Flight 73, and the Indian cabin crew who protected passengers during the 5 September 1986 hijacking at Karachi: what the US Justice Department and the crew record, her Ashoka Chakra in 1987 and the honours since.

Padmanabhapuram Palace in Kanyakumari district, kept by Kerala: how Taccusastra shaped its timber halls, the Thai Kottaram, the black floor of the Mantrashala, the clock tower, the Uppirikka Malika murals, and visiting hours checked on 5 November 2026.

Porus and the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BCE: what Arrian, Diodorus and Plutarch record about the river crossing, the elephants, the numbers, the kingdom Alexander gave back, the refusal at the Beas, and the killing of Porus by Eudamus.

How Project Tiger began: the 1972 task force chaired by Karan Singh, the nine reserves named at the 1 April 1973 launch at Corbett, Kailash Sankhala as first director, and the growth to 58 tiger reserves on the NTCA's list as of 5 November 2026.

Pune Metro Line 3 (Pink Line) opened on 4 November 2026: 23.2 km elevated, Maan-Hinjewadi to Shivajinagar, about ₹8,313 crore, run by women train operators, built by a Tata-Siemens company, with 17 of 23 stations open and fares from ₹12 to ₹62.

A Rafale Marine fighter landed on the Indian Navy's carrier INS Vikrant at the first attempt on 29 October 2026 and took off again. What the Navy said, the Goa shore trials that came first, the 26-jet order and the work the trials still have to do.

Rangpur, the planned Ahom capital near Sivasagar in Assam, has Talatal Ghar, the boat-roofed Rang Ghar and three large tanks. What the ASI, India's 2026 UNESCO dossier, Gait and a 2025 Dibrugarh University hydrology paper say about how it was built.

Rukmini Devi Arundale (1904 to 1986) staged Bharatanatyam at Adyar in 1935, founded Kalakshetra in Chennai on 6 January 1936, received the Padma Bhushan in 1956 and led the Animal Welfare Board of India. Dates, documents and the debate over her reforms.

How Ela Bhatt's Self-Employed Women's Association got a union registered in Ahmedabad in 1972, opened a bank on Rs 10 shares from 4,000 women in 1974, campaigned for the 1996 ILO home work convention and the 2014 street vendors law, and grew to 3.78 million members.

How IIT Madras's open SHAKTI RISC-V processor family went from the RIMO chip of 2018 to the IRIS space controller made with ISRO and SCL in 2025: the chips, the 180 nm fab, the DIR-V programme and the startups that use the cores.

A Wildlife Institute of India camera-trap study in eastern Sikkim, published on 26 October 2026, recorded a gaur at 3,542 m, a tiger at 3,966 m and 30 mammal species. What the paper found, how, and what it says about forest at 4,000 m.

Srirangam's Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Tamil Nadu: the seven-enclosure plan, 21 gopurams, the inscriptions from the early Cholas to the Nayakas, the 1987 Rajagopuram, the 2017 UNESCO award of merit and how to visit.

Surya Sen (Masterda) and the Chittagong armoury raid of 18 April 1930: the plan, the night, the fight on Jalalabad hill, the years underground, the trial and the hanging of 12 January 1934, with the points where sources differ.

What the Sushruta Samhita contains: 101 blunt and 20 sharp instruments, eight operations, practice on cucumbers and a linen doll, a cheek-flap nose repair, a week-long method of preparing a body for study, and the scholars' competing dates.

Unakoti, Tripura: the rock-cut Shiva head, Durga, Ganesha and Uma-Maheshwar reliefs near Kailashahar, how the ASI brought them to notice in 1921, what scholars say about the 8th to 9th century date, and the name 'one less than a crore'.

UPI's average daily value crossed Rs 1 lakh crore for the first time in October 2026, with 25.47 billion payments worth Rs 31.53 lakh crore, per NPCI data. The figures against September and October 2025, the festive lift, and the merchant fee on hold.

Usha Mehta and Congress Radio, the secret Bombay station of 1942: the four organisers, the hidden transmitter, what went on air, the raid of 12 November 1942, the 1943 trial and sentences, her release, and the 1998 Padma Vibhushan.

Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Gujarat: what ASI excavations since 2014 found, the 750 BCE radiocarbon date, the seven cultural periods, shell bangles, Indo-Pacific beads, a Buddhist monastery, 36 linked lakes, and the climate study of 2024.

M.K. Vainu Bappu (1927 to 1982) took the plate that found Comet Bappu-Bok-Newkirk in 1949, shared the 1957 Wilson-Bappu paper, chose Kavalur and set the 2.34-metre telescope project moving at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics.

Vaikuntha Perumal temple, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu: a Pallava Vishnu temple of the 8th century with three shrines in one tower, a cloister of labelled history panels, a ten-verse hymn by Tirumangai Alvar, and the dating debate.

The Yuktibhasa, a Malayalam text of about 1530 by Jyesthadeva, derives the pi, sine and cosine series of the Kerala school and explains Nilakantha's planetary model. What its fifteen chapters hold, how it is dated, and how it was recovered.

Zoological Survey of India scientists described Tetronarce ramanamurthyi, the Arabian Black Electric Ray, in Zootaxa on 19 October 2026. Nine specimens from deep water off India's south-western coast gave India the first confirmed record of the genus in the northern Indian Ocean.

The Bagh Caves in Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh: nine rock-cut Buddhist caves, the painted wall of Caves 4 and 5, the Subandhu copper plate that names the Kalayana monastery, the 1920s copies by Nandalal Bose and others, and the competing dates.

The Chambal Valley temples of Bateshwar, Padavali and Kakanmath in Morena, Madhya Pradesh: dry sandstone masonry, the ASI restoration led by K. K. Muhammed from 2004, a 16-pillar hall at Padavali, and the 100-foot Kakanmath tower.

Bhojpur's Shiva temple was begun for the Paramara king Bhoja and never finished, but its drawings survive on the rocks around it. What Cunningham, Mankodi, Hardy and India's UNESCO submission say about the plan, and who says what about why work stopped.

Bogibeel Bridge in Assam is a 4.94 km double-deck rail-cum-road bridge over the Brahmaputra, dedicated on 25 December 2018. How its welded steel trusses were launched, who built it, what it cost by each source, and the distances it saved.

On 2 November 2026 the Defence Ministry signed ₹53,866.50 crore contracts for eight Next Generation Corvettes designed in-house by the Indian Navy. What the ministry release says, which figures differ across reports, and what is still unpublished.

GSLV-F18 launched NVS-03 from Sriharikota on 30 October 2026. What ISRO says the rocket and satellite carried, the first engine burn on 31 October, why NavIC needs a fourth working satellite, and where the sources differ.

How Mahendralal Sircar founded the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Calcutta in 1876, who taught there, how Raman worked there from 1907, how it moved to Jadavpur, and what it launched for its 150th year in 2026.

India's final tally at the 2026 Asian Para Games in Aichi-Nagoya: 114 medals (30 gold, 35 silver, 49 bronze), fourth overall. The count by sport, the 26 medals of the last day, and which records are claimed and where ratification stands.

India won the men's and women's titles at the first Commonwealth Kabaddi Championship at the Veer Savarkar Sports Complex in Ahmedabad: 54-20 against Sri Lanka and 35-15 against Uganda on 31 October 2026. The route to the finals, the 13 nations and the link to the 2030 Games.

How the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore was set up on 27 May 1909 with Tata, Mysore and Government of India money, and what its first decades produced: factories, a physics school, war work and a wind tunnel. Dates and figures from IISc's own records.

The Indian Navy led Combined Task Force 154, the training arm of the 47-nation Combined Maritime Forces, from 11 February to 14 October 2026. What it ran: INS Surat, Compass Rose 26-1, Southern Readiness at Kochi and the SPAR 2026 piracy symposium.

Kallanai, the Grand Anicut on the Kaveri: a 329 m rubble weir that diverts floods into the Kollidam, recognised by ICID in 2021. What gazetteers, Arthur Cotton and Sastri say about Karikala, the date, the rebuilds since 1804 and the water it passes today.

How Kanha's hard-ground barasingha came back from 66 animals in 1970 to about 1,100: moved villages, fenced fawning enclosures, and a Satpura herd that grew from 98 deer to 172. Counts, IUCN status and the points where sources differ.

Karnam Malleswari won Olympic bronze in the women's 69 kg weightlifting at Sydney on 19 September 2000 with a 240 kg total. The lifts, the field, her two world titles, her honours, and how Mirabai Chanu's 2021 silver followed.

Kodumanal on the Noyyal river had bead workshops, an iron smelting furnace and a crucible steel furnace. Here are the five radiocarbon dates K. Rajan published, who measured them, and what the excavators and the state archaeology department say they show.

Lakshya Sen and P. V. Sindhu won the men's and women's singles at the HYLO Open Super 500 in Saarbrücken on 1 November 2026. A round-by-round account from BWF's match data, and what the record says about the reported firsts.

How Manas Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam left UNESCO's Danger List on 21 June 2011: the 1992 listing, the corrective measures, the rhino and swamp deer returns, and what the World Heritage Committee decided in July 2026.

Manisha Bhanwala won the 59kg gold at the 2026 Senior World Wrestling Championships in Astana on 30 October, beating Abigail Nette 8-6 from 0-6 down. The bout, the semi-final, India's four medals and the record before her.

What William Peppé found in the Piprahwa stupa in 1898, how Bühler, Fleet and Falk read the Brahmi casket inscription, what the ASI dug in the 1970s, and how the Piprahwa gems returned to India in 2025 and went on show in 2026.

Prakash Padukone's 1980 All England title: the 15-3, 15-10 final against Liem Swie King, his route past Svend Pri and Morten Frost Hansen, the Wembley Arena drift, what the win paid, and how it led to Pullela Gopichand's 2001 title.

What the ASI's annual reviews of 1957 to 1961, the December 2024 excavation reports and India's UNESCO Tentative List entry record about the Ratnagiri Buddhist monastery in Jajpur, Odisha, and where the sources disagree on dates and sizes.

Arivar Koil at Sittanavasal near Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu: a Jain rock-cut cave with Ajanta-style ceiling murals, a Tamil repair inscription of a Pandya king, and a builder disputed between Pallava and Pandya rulers. Who dates what, and on what basis.

The Ganges Canal at Roorkee: Proby Cautley's irrigation system of 1854, the 15-arch Solani aqueduct in his own figures, the village kilns and workshops behind it, the college that became IIT Roorkee, and the farmland it still waters.

The original Constitution of India was written by hand in English and Hindi and decorated by Nandalal Bose's Santiniketan team. Sheet counts, the 1949 commission, the artists, and why the glass cases at Parliament hold nitrogen, not helium.

What the ASI excavation reports from 1997 to 2001, Ishani Sinha's 2019 paper and the survey's 2025 update say about the Kesariya stupa in Bihar: its terraces, stucco Buddhas, size, the alms-bowl tradition and the disputed dates.

Udayagiri near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh: twenty Gupta-era rock-cut caves, the Varaha relief in Cave 5, the Vishnu sleeping on Ananta in Cave 13, and the Gupta year 82 inscription of about 401 CE. What the inscriptions say and what scholars still argue about the kneeling figure.

What the 1958 to 1962 excavation report, Cunningham's survey, Xuanzang's account and the ASI's nomination say about Vaishali's Licchavi relic stupa, the casket found inside it, the Kolhua lion pillar, the tank and the monastery, and where the sources disagree.

Two Vande Bharat Sleeper trains were flagged off on 31 October and 1 November 2026: Varanasi to New Delhi in about 9 hours and Bengaluru to Mumbai in about 16. Timetables, stops, coaches and what the Railways says comes next, as of 2 November 2026.

How Waldemar Haffkine made the first widely used plague vaccine in Bombay: the 1896 Grant Medical College laboratory, the self-test of 10 January 1897, the Byculla jail results, the Mulkowal inquiry of 1902 and the 1925 renaming as the Haffkine Institute.

Wings Over Ganges, the Indian Air Force's 94th anniversary display, flew over the Ganga at Namo Ghat, Varanasi, on 22, 24 and 25 October 2026. The fleet, the named formations, the Indian-built aircraft and where the reports differ.

On 24 October 2026 the Ministry of Earth Sciences opened AATAL at IITM's Delhi branch under Mission Mausam. What the laboratory analyses, how it connects to the AIRWISE forecast and the Graded Response Action Plan, and what the release does not say.

The IWF awarded the 2029 Senior World Weightlifting Championships to Ahmedabad on 25 October 2026, the first time India will stage the event. What was decided, India's 18 world medals, and the run from Gandhinagar 2026 to the 2030 Commonwealth Games.

Aihole in Karnataka has about 125 Chalukya temples in 22 groups. How Lad Khan, the Durga temple and Hucchimalli show the temple form being worked out, what the 634 or 635 CE Meguti inscription dates, and where sources disagree.

How AIIMS New Delhi began: the Bhore Committee's 1946 proposal, the 1952 foundation stone, New Zealand's Colombo Plan grant, the AIIMS Act of 2 June 1956, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur's role, the first director and the Institute's record since.

Alam Ara, Ardeshir Irani's Hindustani film, opened at Bombay's Majestic Cinema on 14 March 1931. How it was made at night beside a railway line, its seven songs, the crowds, what followed in Tamil and Telugu, and what survives.

Alluri Sitarama Raju International Airport at Bhogapuram, near Visakhapatnam, was inaugurated on 1 August 2026 and started scheduled flights on 17 August. The runway, terminal, cost, timeline, the VTZ code and what happens to the old airport.

The Leiden or Anaimangalam copper plates, returned to India on 16 May 2026: what the Tamil and Sanskrit text says, how the village grant was carried out, and what editors and officials say about Rajaraja, Rajendra and the Srivijaya donor.

Lovers in the Blue Night won the NETPAC Award at Venice 2026, and Selvi and Birds in the Dark won prizes at the 31st Busan festival. Who made the films, what each award is, and where each film goes next, as of 29 October 2026.

Arikamedu, near Pondicherry, is the Coromandel coast port where Mortimer Wheeler's 1945 excavation found Italian pottery, a warehouse over 150 feet long and 200 beads. Later digs by Vimala Begley dated the first settlement to the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE.

Ashoka's Greek and Aramaic edicts at Kandahar, found in 1958 and 1963, and the five Greek kings named in Rock Edict 13: what the Greek says, how scholars restore it, and where the dates and the rule of Kandahar are disputed.

Ashoke Sen of ICTS Bengaluru received the 2026 Oskar Klein Medal from Stockholm University and the Nobel Committee for Physics, the first Indian physicist to do so. What the medal is and the string theory work behind it: S-duality, black hole entropy and string field theory.

Asima Chatterjee (1917 to 2006): the 1944 Calcutta D.Sc., the 1961 Bhatnagar Prize, the Khaira chair, the 1975 Indian Science Congress, the Padma Bhushan, the Rajya Sabha years, and the plant chemistry behind Ayush 56 and Ayush 64.

Badami's Cave 3 in Karnataka is the largest of four rock-cut caves and carries a Sanskrit inscription dated Saka 500 (578 to 579 CE). What the pilaster says, the sculptures in the verandah, where historians differ, and how to plan a visit.

The Bakhshali manuscript is 70 birch-bark leaves of Indian mathematics with hundreds of dot zeros. Oxford's 2017 date of 224 to 383 CE for one leaf was revised in 2024, when five leaves were dated to 773 to 1032 CE. What the leaves say and who dates what.

The Barabar and Nagarjuni caves in Bihar are seven granite chambers cut in the Mauryan age, six with inscriptions naming Ashoka or Dasaratha. What the texts say, how the dates differ, and what to check with the ASI before a visit.

The Bardoli no-tax campaign of 1928 from the record: the reassessment, the 12 February pledge, the settlement of 6 August, the Broomfield and Maxwell inquiry, the 5.7 versus 6.03 per cent question, and how Patel earned the title Sardar.

What the Baudhayana Sulbasutra contains: the diagonal rule for rectangles, six whole-number side pairs, the 577/408 value for the square root of 2, the falcon-shaped fire altar of 1,000 bricks, and how scholars date it and compare it with Babylonian tablets.

How Alexander Rea found three inscribed relic caskets at the Bhattiprolu stupa in 1892, what the ten inscriptions say, why their Brahmi letters differ from Ashoka's, and how scholars date them and link them to Tamil-Brahmi.

Bhitarkanika saltwater crocodiles: 96 counted in 1976, 1,858 in January 2026. How the 1975 rear-and-release project worked, what the annual count measures, where India's estuarine crocodile survives, and the bathing ghats built for villagers.

How ONGC found Mumbai High: the Japanese-built rig Sagar Samrat, the 962-metre drilling break, the 19 February 1974 test, production from 1976, the rig's second life as a production unit, and the bp contract for the next decade.

DRDO's High-Altitude Platform reached 21 km above mean sea level in a flight trial announced on 6 October 2026, held 20 km for over 30 minutes and was recovered. What the Ministry of Defence says, what was on board, and what has not been published.

DRDO's quantum key distribution platform has been tested on a live network at Chandipur, Odisha, to protect telemetry from artillery and armoured weapon trials. How the technology works, the 2020 to 2026 trials behind it, and what has not yet been published.

Tarang Shakti 2026 ran at Jodhpur from 26 September to 12 October with seven foreign air forces, 32 observer nations, French Rafales, US F-35As and the Indian Tejas and Prachand. What the official record says, and where reports differ.

G. N. Ramachandran, born in Ernakulam in 1922, led the Madras group that proposed the triple helix of collagen in Nature in 1954 and, with C. Ramakrishnan and V. Sasisekharan, published the Ramachandran plot in 1963. How both came about.

How India's Government e-Marketplace (GeM) reached Rs 20 lakh crore in cumulative purchases and 25.45 lakh sellers in ten years, with the MSE, women-led and startup shares, the fee cuts, the IIT Delhi savings study and what the 2020 CAG audit found.

GRSE launched the Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel Shreyas (Yard 3040) at Kolkata on 10 October 2026, after Sanghmitra (20 May) and Shruti (11 August). Size, speed, range, keel-to-launch times, the 2023 contract and what is still pending.

How A. S. Hemmy's weighing of Harappan chert cubes in 1931 showed one binary and decimal weight series at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, what later studies say about Dholavira, the Indus inch and the Lothal scale, and why sources quote different units.

The Heliodorus pillar at Besnagar near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh: a Garuda column raised for Vasudeva by a Greek envoy of King Antialkidas, how its inscription was read in 1909, what was dug around it, how scholars date it, and why villagers call it Khamba Baba.

Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi near Sambalpur: the 1947 Khosla plan, the 1946 and 1948 foundation stones, the 4.8 km main dam and 25.8 km of dykes, water and power in 1956, the 1957 opening, and the second spillway planned since 1997.

Howrah Bridge (Rabindra Setu) opened on 3 February 1943 with a 1,500-foot main span. How the cantilever was chosen, why 23,500 of its 26,500 tonnes of steel came from Tata Steel, and what the 2024 health check covered.

Sirpur in Chhattisgarh, the Baratang mud volcanoes and the Barren Island and Narcondam volcanoes were added to India's UNESCO Tentative List. What each nomination says, where the sites are, and what visitors can and cannot do, as of 29 October 2026.

On 13 October 2026 India launched two credit insurance policies for shipyards, one by ECGC for export orders and one by New India Assurance for domestic ones, with the government subsidising premiums. What is on record, and which terms are still unpublished.

India is 38th of 139 economies in WIPO's Global Innovation Index 2026: first in its income group, first for ICT services exports, 4th for late-stage venture capital deals, and 25th on innovation outputs, with four clusters in the world's top 100.

The 10th India Mobile Congress ran at Yashobhoomi, New Delhi, from 7 to 10 October 2026. What the organisers planned, what the closing reports counted, and what the Bharat 6G Alliance signed and published at its third symposium.

KJP21, a 32-month-old India-born cheetah, had five cubs at Kuno National Park, the Environment Ministry announced on 5 October 2026. India's total is 60 cheetahs, 41 born in India, and a new Botswana bloodline has started.

India's real GDP grew 7.8 per cent in April to June 2026, to ₹81.36 lakh crore, with investment up 11.9 per cent, services up 10 per cent and manufacturing up 9.2 per cent. The 31 August release, the forecasts it beat and how the Reserve Bank's outlook moved after it.

India's renewable energy capacity stood at 299.25 GW on 30 September 2026: 171.05 GW solar, 59.20 GW wind and 52.06 GW large hydro, with 24.56 GW added in April to September. Figures from MNRE, PIB, the Lok Sabha and JMK Research.

India's third National Space Day was held on 23 August 2026 at ISRO's Space Applications Centre in Ahmedabad. The numbers behind it: more than 440 space startups, 113 IN-SPACe authorisations, a Rs 1,000 crore venture fund and Skyroot's Vikram-1.

The 15 October 2026 Periodic Labour Force Survey bulletin put India's unemployment rate at 5.0 per cent for September, down from 5.2 a year earlier and 5.5 in June, with female participation at 34.6 per cent. What it counted, and what it did not.

India's electric vehicle retail sales hit a record 3,33,634 units in September 2026, up 74 per cent, per FADA. Segment records, TVS, Bajaj, Tata and Mahindra figures, PM E-DRIVE support and why trackers differ.

India ended the 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow fourth with 39 medals (13 gold, 17 silver, 9 bronze). Boxing delivered seven golds from ten finals, Mirabai Chanu won a third straight weightlifting gold, and the flag passed to Ahmedabad for 2030.

Match by match through India's two hockey golds at the 2026 Asian Games in Aichi-Nagoya: the women's 1-0 final against China, the men's 4-3 semi-final against Pakistan and the 5-1 final against Malaysia, with scorers, minutes and the Olympic places won.

India won open silver and women's bronze at the 46th Chess Olympiad in Samarkand, which ended on 27 September 2026. Final scores, the tiebreaks, six individual medals including Savitha Shri's gold, and the Gaprindashvili Trophy.

How India won the 1975 men's Hockey World Cup in Kuala Lumpur: the 2-1 final against Pakistan, the pool results, the extra-time semi-final against Malaysia, the team and its coaches, the disputed winning goal and what followed.

India won the men's T20 gold at the 2026 Asian Games in Aichi-Nagoya, beating Pakistan by 19 runs on 3 October. The scorecard, the semi-finals, the squad and how the gold follows India's 2023 title in Hangzhou.

Indian Railways reported all-time high coal loading for 1 to 18 October 2026, up 22.5 per cent, after September freight of 135.35 million tonnes. The figures, what a rake is, why power plants needed the coal, and where the sources differ.

The Indus script on seals, pottery, copper and ivory: about 60 sites, over 4,700 inscriptions, the 417-sign concordance the ASI published in 1977, the dates of the earliest signs, the rival readings, and Tamil Nadu's 2025 prize of US$1 million.

ISRO's flight acceptance hot test of the CE20 cryogenic engine at the uprated 220 kN thrust, held on 9 September 2026 at Mahendragiri, what it cleared for LVM3-M7, the March and July tests before it, and what is scheduled next, as of 29 October 2026.

The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman, about 150 CE, records repairs to the Sudarshana lake, a dam first built under Chandragupta Maurya. What the text says, how it is dated, and how Skandagupta's record of 456 CE continues it.

Kailasanathar temple, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu: built by the Pallava king Rajasimha around 700 CE, with a twelve-verse granite inscription naming him, 58 small shrines, four tiers of royal titles, and opening hours checked on 29 October 2026.

Kalibangan in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan: the ASI's nine seasons under B. B. Lal and B. K. Thapar found a pre-Harappan ploughed field with crossing furrows, a walled citadel and lower town, and fire altars. The dates and open questions are set out.

Kalhana's Rajatarangini, written in Kashmir around 1148 to 1150, has 7,826 verses in eight books. How he used earlier chronicles, inscriptions, coins and family memory, where his dates have been checked, and how Stein recovered the text.

Keezhadi near Madurai has yielded brick walls, ring wells, roof tiles and pots inscribed in Tamil-Brahmi. Here is what the 2019 state report found, the carbon dates behind it, and what the ASI and other archaeologists say the dates cover.

The Kudumiyanmalai musical inscription in Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu: seven sections of notes cut in Grantha, first edited by P. R. Bhandarkar in 1913 to 1914, with the seventh versus eighth century dating and the Mahendravarman question laid out.

The 80-pillared hall of Pataliputra at Kumhrar, Patna: how Spooner found it in 1913, what the 1951 to 1955 digs showed about its columns and its fire, the open questions on who built it and why, and the ASI's December 2024 reopening.

How Kumkum Mohod won the women's individual recurve gold at the 2026 Asian Games: the five sets against Oh Yejin, the 10 in the shoot-off, the team gold a day earlier, the Los Angeles 2028 quota place and the Jaspal Rana Award.

Ladakh was declared India's first fully organic Union Territory on 25 October 2026. What the July fertiliser ban covers, how many villages are certified, how the plan began in 2020, and how Sikkim got there in 2016.

How Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad grew from seven women in Girgaum in 1959 into a society with about 45,000 members: the Rs 80 loan, the no-donation rule, home rolling, the 1966 registration, the awards, and the turnover figures that disagree.

The Ganita Sara Sangraha (c. 850 CE) by the Jain mathematician Mahaviracarya runs to nine chapters. What its verses say about zero, fractions, indeterminate problems, circles and the ellipse, and where the sources disagree on dates and claims.

The Mandsaur inscription of the silk weavers' guild, composed by Vatsabhatti in Malava year 529 (about 473 CE), records the guild's move from Lata in Gujarat to Dasapura, the Sun temple it built in year 493 and its repair 36 years later. Dates, readings and the scholars who differ.

The Maski minor rock edict in Raichur district, found on 27 January 1915, was the first Ashoka inscription to carry his personal name. What it says, who published it, why gold mining is part of its story, and what recent digs add.

The Matheran Hill Railway explained: 19.97 km of two-foot track from Neral to Matheran, opened 22 March 1907, built by the Peerbhoy family, with 221 curves, one tunnel, the 2026 monsoon break, the 30 October restart and why the town has no cars.

Modhera Sun Temple in Mehsana, Gujarat: the Vikram Samvat 1083 block found upside down, what Burgess, UNESCO and the Archaeological Survey say about its date, the Surya Kund, the equinox line, the 2022 solar lighting, and visiting details checked on 29 October 2026.

Nagarjunakonda, the island museum in the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir: what the 1954 to 1960 salvage excavation of Vijayapuri found, how the Ikshvaku city looked, what was rebuilt, and what the official portals say about reaching it.

The Naneghat cave inscription in Maharashtra lists Vedic sacrifices and their fees in cows, horses, elephants, a village and karshapana coins, beside labels naming the early Satavahana family. How scholars read it, date it and tie it to the pass.

The Natyashastra, a Sanskrit treatise attributed to Bharata, has 36 chapters and about 6,000 verses on playhouse design, acting, dance, music and the eight rasas. Its date, its recensions and its stone echo at Chidambaram, from the sources.

Nihal Sarin won Open Board 2 gold and Pentala Harikrishna Board 3 silver for Novy Bor, and Koneru Humpy won women's Board 2 gold for Monte-Carlo, at the European Club Cup in Budva, Montenegro, which ended on 23 October 2026.

Odisha announced its Agri-PV Policy 2026 on 22 October 2026: 1 GW of agrivoltaics by 2030, 90 per cent of each site kept under crops, 25-year power purchase agreements, and what Indian and Arizona field trials say about growing crops under solar panels.

Oil India's Godavari-1 well in shallow offshore block KG-DSF/GSKW/2018 flowed gas at up to 200,000 standard cubic metres a day from the Matsyapuri formation, the company reported on 23 October 2026. What the test shows, and what comes next.

How P. C. Mahalanobis founded the Indian Statistical Institute in 1931, wrote the paper behind the Mahalanobis distance in 1936, proved the case for sample surveys with jute in 1937 and began the National Sample Survey in 1950.

What the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea says about India: the Indus delta, Barygaza (Bharuch), the Deccan roads, the pepper and pearl ports, the Ganges and the monsoon route, with the author, date and translations.

Pingala's Chandahshastra, dated to about the second century BCE, lists every pattern of short and long syllables, finds a pattern from its number and counts them by doubling. What the text secures, and where historians differ on binary, Pascal's triangle and Fibonacci.

India's Archaeological Survey began a conservation and restoration project at Prambanan in Java on 8 July 2026. What the Ramayana reliefs on the Shiva and Brahma temples show, how scholars date the complex, and what the Survey has said it will do.

Punch-marked silver coins, India's earliest indigenous coinage, read from the finds: the 1,167-coin Taxila pot of 1924 to 1925, the 2,873-coin Patraha hoard, the Arthashastra's mint officers, and the scholars who date the series from the 8th to the 4th century BCE.

The pygmy hog, the world's smallest wild pig, returned to the Kuribeel grasslands of Manas on 7 June 2026. How six founders from 1996 led to 194 releases in Assam, what the IUCN Red List says, and what the Indian team still has to solve.

How the Ramlila of Ramnagar near Varanasi stages the Ramayana in 31 daily episodes: the sites, the lamp-lit staging without microphones, the boys who play Rama and Sita, the Kashi Naresh's patronage, the disputed start date and the 2026 season.

The Reserve Bank of India's Rs 169 crore data centre and Cybersecurity Training Institute at Jatni near Bhubaneswar opened on 25 October 2026. What the RBI and the PMO say it holds, what it will host, and where reports differ.

The 30 Rigveda manuscripts at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune, UNESCO's 2007 Memory of the World entry, and the Vedic chanting methods (pada, krama and higher modes) that UNESCO listed in 2008.

Sarnath, the Deer Park near Varanasi where the Buddha gave his first sermon, joined the UNESCO World Heritage List on 25 July 2026. What was inscribed, what stands there, and practical visitor facts from official pages checked on 29 October 2026.

Global Finance named State Bank of India World's Best Consumer Bank 2026, the second year running. What the magazine cited, how it picks winners, and the YONO, branch and profit figures from SBI's results for 2025-26.

Sinauli in Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh: what the ASI dug up in 2018, the copper-sheathed coffins, the three wheeled vehicles, the 2024 Radiocarbon dating to about 2000 BCE, and the argument over whether they were chariots or bull-carts.

How India's Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) put Indian-made programmes on village screens in 2,400 villages of six states in 1975 and 1976, what the Planning Commission's 1981 evaluation found, and how it led to INSAT.

Skyroot Aerospace's Vikram-1 reached orbit on its maiden flight, Mission Aagaman, from Sriharikota on 18 July 2026. The rocket, its payloads, ISRO and IN-SPACe support, the company behind it and what comes next, as of 29 October 2026.

Skyroot Aerospace and Reflect Orbital announced on 14 October 2026 that the US company bought two dedicated launches, one on Vikram-1 and one on Vikram-1U. What is known about the deal, the rockets and the customer, as of 29 October 2026.

The Indian Army received 450 Nagastra-1R loitering munitions from Solar Defence and Aerospace in October 2026. What the order, the four-firm trial, the reported specifications and the earlier 480 Nagastra-1 units tell us, and what the sources do not say.

The 72nd National Film Awards, for 2024 films, were presented at Ekta Nagar on 22 September 2026. The main winners, the 14 language awards, how 400 feature entries were judged, Anant Nag's Phalke Award and the Ministry's plan to move the ceremony.

The 7th Agrivoltaics World Conference ran at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, on 21 to 23 October 2026 under the theme Powering the Global South: who hosted it, how many came, the three resources launched, the sessions and the 2027 handover to France.

How the Oriental Institute in Baroda edited the Valmiki Ramayana: the Ramayana Department opened on 12 March 1951, the Bala Kanda appeared in 1960 and the Uttara Kanda in 1975, with 86 manuscripts in ten scripts collated for the first book, two recensions and seven rules for choosing a reading.

How the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune edited the Mahabharata from April 1919 to September 1966: 1,259 manuscripts in many scripts, V. S. Sukthankar's Prolegomena, 19 volumes and more than 89,000 verses.

The Bower Manuscript is a bundle of Sanskrit birch-bark leaves found near Kucha in Xinjiang: a garlic tract, the Navanitaka formulary, divination and a snake-bite charm. What the leaves contain, how Hoernle dated them, and why 1889 and 1890 both appear.

How the Panchatantra left India: the lost Pahlavi translation of the 6th century, the Syriac copy found at Mardin, Ibn al-Muqaffa's Arabic Kalila wa Dimna, and the Persian, Latin and English versions that followed. Contested dates are flagged.

India opened the 53 km Satna to Devendranagar and 65 km Rewa to Churhat rail sections in Madhya Pradesh on 24 October 2026: the costs, the last stretches built, the tunnel, the new train and the 541 km Lalitpur-Singrauli project behind them.

The World Bank raised India's 2026-27 growth forecast to 7.1 per cent on 6 October 2026, from 6.6 per cent in April, after 7.8 per cent growth in 2025-26. What the India Development Update says about exports, investment, inflation and the years to 2028-29.

UDAN, India's regional flying scheme, turned ten on 21 October 2026: 687 routes, 95 aerodromes including 17 heliports, 1.72 crore passengers, ₹5,091.23 crore in viability gap funding, four airports the ministry cites, and what Modified UDAN pays for.

UPI averaged 802 million payments a day in September 2026, the first month above 800 million, with 24.07 billion payments worth Rs 29.37 lakh crore, according to NPCI data. How the daily average climbed through 2026 and what sits behind it.

The Uttaramerur inscriptions of Parantaka I, about 919 to 921 CE: how a Chola village assembly in Tamil Nadu chose its committees by pot-ticket draw, who could stand, which offences barred a candidate, and what historians say the texts do and do not show.

The Pancha-siddhantika, written near Ujjain in the sixth century, sums up the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha systems of astronomy. What each taught, which chapters are Varahamihira's own, what his Brihat Samhita adds, and where his dates are argued.

Veeranam tank in Cuddalore district: a Chola-era reservoir with a 16 km bund, 1,465 mcft of storage and 44,856 acres of irrigation, recognised by ICID in 2021 and still supplying Chennai. Who built it, what the sources disagree on, and how it fills.

The Living Planet Report 2026 of 8 October found a 73.2 per cent average fall in monitored wildlife since 1970 and named tiger recovery as proof that decline can turn. India's counts: 3,682 tigers, 891 Asiatic lions, 13,874 leopards, 718 snow leopards and 6,327 river dolphins.

Zoological Survey of India and Malabar Christian College scientists described three new centipede species, Rhysida quadrispinosa, R. coorgensis and R. neyyarensis, from Kerala and Karnataka. The paper appeared online on 12 October 2026.

Abhinav Bindra's 10 m air rifle gold at Beijing 2008: the 596 qualifying score, all ten final shots, the 10.8 that beat Häkkinen's 9.7, the road from Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004, and the honours since, from Olympedia and the ISSF.

What the 1976 art treasure notification says about Amrita Sher-Gil, what it restricts, and how Group of Three Girls, Bride's Toilet and Village Scene fit her short career, from Paris training to the Saraya years and her death at 28.

How Swamimalai's hereditary sthapatis cast Nataraja bronzes by the lost-wax method known from Chola-period images, what a 2019 Rijksmuseum study found inside a 12th-century Nataraja, the GI registry record, the 2023 G20 statue and the 2004 gift to CERN.

How India won the second Test against Australia at Eden Gardens, Kolkata, from 11 to 15 March 2001: Harbhajan Singh's hat-trick, VVS Laxman's 281, Rahul Dravid's 180, the 376-run stand and the last-day collapse, with scorecards and contemporary reports.

How the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope near Pune works: 30 rope-and-mesh dishes, a Y-shaped layout 25 km across, the 1990s build under Govind Swarup, the 2019 upgrade, its sky survey and its role in the 2023 pulsar-timing search for gravitational waves.

Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar: the sarovar begun under Guru Ram Das, the 1588 foundation and 1604 installation, the rebuilding by 1776, the gilded copper, the langar's daily numbers, and practical notes on dress, timings and when to go.

A practical guide to the Hornbill Festival at Kisama, Nagaland: the 1 to 10 December dates, what the Naga Heritage Village holds, the 2018, 2019, 2024 and 2025 visitor counts, how to reach it from Dimapur, and the Inner Line Permit and Protected Area Permit rules as checked on 28 October 2026.

India's 29 medals at the Paris 2024 Paralympics, with the seven gold medallists, the records and scores behind them, the first medals in judo and archery gold, the 18th place in the table, and the Ministry's support and cash-award figures.

How India answered the vulture crash: the 2004 Nature study that found diclofenac was the cause, the August 2006 ban, the 2015 vial limit, the 2023 ban on ketoprofen and aceclofenac, eight breeding centres and releases into tiger reserves.

India's footballers reached the semi-final at Melbourne 1956 and finished fourth. The Australia win with Neville D'Souza's hat-trick, the games against Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, coach Syed Abdul Rahim, and the Asian Games golds of 1951 and 1962.

How India reached Antarctica: the 21-member expedition of 1981, the stations Dakshin Gangotri, Maitri and Bharati, what NCPOR and its partners measure there, the Indian Antarctic Act 2022 and the planned Maitri-II station.

How India held its first general election in 1951-52: Sukumar Sen's Election Commission, 17.32 crore voters, 1,32,560 polling stations, party symbols on ballot boxes for voters who could not read, the four-month polling window and the result.

How India won the 2022 Thomas Cup: the 3-0 final against 14-time champions Indonesia in Bangkok, match scores, the 3-2 semi-final against Denmark, the PIB releases, the Prime Minister's call and the ministry's support for the squad.

Keibul Lamjao National Park on Loktak Lake, Manipur: how the sangai went from 14 counted in 1975 to 260 in the 2016 census, what the 2026 census report says, how the phumdi floats, the Ithai barrage, the Ramsar listing and the search for a second home.

Khangchendzonga National Park explained: UNESCO's 2016 inscription as India's first mixed World Heritage Site, the four criteria, the Beyul and Mayel Lyang sacred landscape, the Goecha La trek from Yuksom, and Sikkim's permit rules as checked on 28 October 2026.

Khejarli, 1730: what the sources say about Amrita Devi Bishnoi and the 363 villagers, the copper-plate ban on felling, the 29 Bishnoi rules, the blackbuck study of Bishnoi villages, the Amrita Devi award and the 2026 khejri felling order, with the disputed dates and tolls.

How the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory in Tamil Nadu built one of the longest continuous records of the Sun since 1904, what Evershed measured on 7 January 1909, how the plates were digitised, and what the archive is used for now.

Kolkata's tram line began as a 3.9 km horse-drawn route in 1873 and is the only tramway still running in an Indian city. The dates, the company, the 1976 Act, the High Court case, the two routes in 2026 and the revival study.

The Konkan Railway from Roha to Thokur: about 740 km, 91 tunnels, how it was funded and built between 1990 and 1998, why published lengths differ, the 2022 electrification, monsoon working, and what is planned next, with dated sources.

A place-by-place guide to Kurukshetra: the 48 kos circuit and its 182 documented tirthas, Brahma Sarovar, Jyotisar, Sannihit Sarovar, Bhishma Kund, the revived 8 kos yatra and the International Gita Mahotsav, with sources and how to reach it.

Lalitaditya Muktapida of the Karkota dynasty built the Martand Sun Temple at Mattan, Kashmir, in the eighth century. What Kalhana's Rajatarangini says, what the Tang annals record about his envoy, how historians weigh his conquests, and the temple's courtyard, carvings and ASI protection.

Lonar Crater in Maharashtra explained: how the 1.88 km Deccan basalt crater was proved to be an impact in 1973, what the rim preserves, the competing ages of 37,500 and 570,000 years, the 2020 Ramsar listing and the pink water of 2020.

Mallakhamb is gymnastics on a wooden pole, a rope or a hanging pole. Its link to the Manasollasa, Balambhatta Deodhar's revival, the 2019 world championship in Mumbai, Madhya Pradesh's 2013 state sport decision and Khelo India support.

Mughal-e-Azam took 16 years from K. Asif's 1944 plan to its 5 August 1960 release. The mirror-hall set, the Technicolor song, Naushad's score, the Filmfare awards, the box office claims and the 2004 colour version, with each source's figures.

Muziris was the Kerala port where Roman ships loaded pepper, ivory and nard. The Vienna papyrus, the Periplus and Pliny describe it, and Pattanam's excavations since 2007 found Roman amphorae. Where it stood, Pattanam or Kodungallur, is still argued.

Mysuru Dasara 2026 ran from 11 to 21 October. How the festival of Goddess Chamundeshwari grew from Vijayanagara's Mahanavami through the Wodeyars to the 417th Jamboo Savari, with the golden howdah, the 12 elephants and the palace lights.

The Nilgiri tahr survey of 24 to 27 April 2025 counted 2,668 animals, 841 of them in Eravikulam National Park. How the count worked, the 1975 sanctuary notification, the 12-year neelakurinji bloom and Tamil Nadu's five-year Project Nilgiri Tahr.

PT Usha's 55.42 seconds in the 1984 Olympic 400 m hurdles final, 0.01 behind bronze, and her four golds and one silver at the 1986 Seoul Asian Games, with the round-by-round times and the points on which sources differ.

The Pandharpur Wari explained from the temple committee, the two palkhi sansthans and 2026 reporting: the Dehu and Alandi routes and halts, who the palkhis carry, who began them, the Nirmal Wari cleanliness effort and the UNESCO proposal.

How India brought the cheetah back: the 2021 action plan, the Supreme Court orders of 2013 and 2020, 20 cheetahs flown in from Namibia and South Africa, the litters at Kuno, the Gandhi Sagar site, the Botswana animals and the official counts to 2026.

A Pushkar guide built from Incredible India, Rajasthan Tourism, a gazette copy of the 2015 camel law and a Lok Sabha reply on camel numbers, all read on 28 October 2026: fair dates, the lake and its ghats, the Brahma temple, camel counts and how to reach it.

How Peak XV, later Mount Everest, was measured from six stations in 1849 and 1850, how the Survey of India's computers turned the angles into 29,002 feet, and what the documents say about Radhanath Sikdar's part in it.

Raja Ravi Varma of Kilimanoor, the Madras prize of 1873, the Baroda commission, the Bombay press that issued its first oleograph on 12 July 1894, the German printers, the 1979 export ban and the Rs 167.2 crore auction of 2026.

How Salim-Javed's four-line idea became Sholay, how the Ramanagara hills stood in for Ramgarh, what the Minerva run and the 1975 reviews actually say, why the Emergency censors changed the ending, and how it was restored in 4K.

Silent Valley National Park in Kerala: the 120 MW Kunthipuzha dam proposal, the Save Silent Valley campaign, the 1983 decision, the park's dedication on 7 September 1985, its lion-tailed macaques, the 148 sq km buffer zone and how to visit from Mukkali.

How the Surat Diamond Bourse in Gujarat became the world's largest office building, what its nine towers hold, why Surat cuts and polishes so many of the world's diamonds, and the customs, export and office figures as of 28 October 2026.

Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh: founded in 1680 to 1681 at the wish of the 5th Dalai Lama, its 65 residential buildings, Torgya festival, the Sela Tunnel on the road from Tezpur, and the inner line permit and season notes from official pages.

History and structure of the Bombay Stock Exchange: the 1875 brokers' association, the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act of 1956 and the 1957 recognition, the Sensex of 1986, the 2005 demutualisation, the 2017 listing and BSE's size in March 2025.

The Chadar trek on the frozen Zanskar River in Ladakh: who used the ice route first, how long the walk is by different counts, the 2025 Leh safety procedure, trekker numbers from 2015, the new road, and what happened in January 2026 when the ice did not form.

The Indian Army in the First World War: arrival at Marseille on 26 September 1914, the first Victoria Crosses won by Indian soldiers, the Garhwal Brigade at Neuve Chapelle, the casualty figures, and the memorials at Neuve-Chapelle and India Gate.

How Mumbai's dabbawalas move home-cooked lunch by train and bicycle: the 1890 origin and its disputed dates, the painted code on each tiffin, the groups and group leaders who run it, the daily totals that do not agree, and the Six Sigma claim traced to its source.

How the Mumbai suburban railway grew from the 21-mile Bori Bunder to Thane run of 16 April 1853 to 3,234 daily services in April 2026: electric trains in 1925 and 1928, ridership figures, the MUTP expansion and practical notes on tickets and coaches.

How a Gandhian's fast for a Telugu state in 1952 led to Andhra State in 1953, the three-member States Reorganisation Commission, the Act of 1956 with its 14 states and six Union territories, and the Bombay split of 1960, from the Acts and the commission's report.

Tirumala's Venkateswara temple in Andhra Pradesh: what the Devasthanams say about the shrine, what the inscriptions and Alvar verses record, how the board came about in 1933, how the annadanam trust works, and the laddu's GI registration.

Tiruppur's knitwear exports, the town's growth from white vests to T-shirt orders, and the zero liquid discharge rule set by the Madras High Court and tested in the Supreme Court in 2009, with each figure attributed and the sources that disagree.

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan was born in Chidambaram, studied physics at the M.S. University of Baroda and shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the structure of the ribosome. His 30S subunit work in 2000 and its antibiotic complexes, explained.

Viswanathan Anand's career from a Madras chess club to five world championship wins: the 1987 World Junior title, the 1988 grandmaster title, Tehran 2000, the 2007 to 2012 run, the Carlsen matches, and his 2026 election as FIDE Deputy President.

Vizhinjam International Seaport in Kerala: its natural draft and location, the timeline from the first mother ship in July 2024 to direct exports in August 2026, the 2028 expansion, the concession terms and the MSC stake.

Zakir Hussain's career in sourced facts: lessons from Alla Rakha, the 1970 Fillmore East concert with Ravi Shankar, Shakti with John McLaughlin, the 2009 and 2024 Grammys, three Padma awards in the Gazette of India, and his death on 15 December 2024.

How the Indian Army's 7th Light Cavalry took Stuart tanks up the Zoji La pass on 1 November 1948: the dismantled move from Akhnoor, the Madras Sappers' track from Baltal, the attack, the gallantry awards, the link-up with Leh and the Zojila tunnel today.

What the records show about marble leaving Agra Fort: Lord Hastings's 1815 order to ship a palace bath to Calcutta, the auction under Lord William Bentinck, the disputed story about the Taj, Delhi after 1857 and the Act of 18 March 1904.

How economists read the Bengal famine of 1943: Amartya Sen's entitlement argument and the 1998 Nobel citation, Mark Tauger's challenge on the 1942 rice harvest, Cormac Ó Gráda's re-reading, and the competing death tolls of 1.5, 2.1 and 3 million, with the arithmetic.

AstroSat is India's first dedicated astronomy satellite, launched on PSLV-C30 on 28 September 2015. What UVIT, SXT, LAXPC, CZTI and SSM do, which institutes built them, and what they found in ten years, from a galaxy 9.3 billion light years away to the Crab pulsar.

What Chandrayaan-2's orbiter did after Vikram lost contact on 7 September 2019: hydroxyl and water signatures, radar hints of polar ice, sodium at 1.33 wt%, argon-40, solar flares, a coronal mass ejection, and the images that helped plan Chandrayaan-3.

How Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus was designed by F. W. Stevens and listed by UNESCO in 2004, what the 2018 Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles listing covers around the Oval Maidan and Marine Drive, and the passenger counts on record.

Chilika Lake in Odisha explained: the 1981 Ramsar listing, the Montreux Record entry of 1993 and removal in 2002, the new sea mouth of 2000, fish landings and fisher incomes, the Irrawaddy dolphin counts and the January 2026 bird census.

How CoWIN ran India's Covid-19 vaccination drive from 16 January 2021 to about 220 crore doses: the platform's design, the digital certificate and the countries that recognised it, Covishield and Covaxin, Vaccine Maitri exports and the studies of the effect.

Botanist E. K. Janaki Ammal: her sugarcane crosses with Erianthus and maize at Coimbatore, the 1945 Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants with C. D. Darlington, colchicine work at Wisley, the Botanical Survey of India, Silent Valley and the Padma Shri of 1977.

Hari Singh Nalwa, commander and governor under Maharaja Ranjit Singh: his campaigns at Kasur, Multan and Kashmir, the Hari Singhi rupee, the town of Haripur, the Khyber frontier at Jamrud and the battle of 30 April 1837, with the sources compared.

How India ended polio: the Delhi pilot of 2 October 1994, national Pulse Polio rounds from 1995, the cold chain, railway-station transit teams, a paralysis surveillance network, the last case on 13 January 2011 and WHO's certification on 27 March 2014.

Humayun's Tomb in Delhi: UNESCO's 1993 listing under criteria (ii) and (iv), the char bagh garden, the patron Haji Begum and architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, the Aga Khan Trust and ASI restoration of 2007 to 2013, and the ASI's hours, fees and visitor numbers.

India's IT services industry in numbers: US$221.4 billion of software services exports in 2025-26 (RBI), Nasscom's US$315 billion revenue estimate and 59.5 lakh workers, and the dated history from TCS in 1968, SEEPZ, Infosys and Y2K to global capability centres.

India's first national snow leopard assessment (SPAI, 2019 to 2023) estimated 718 animals across Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Jammu and Kashmir, using sign surveys over 13,450 km and camera traps at 1,971 locations.

INS Vikrant (IAC-1) was commissioned at Kochi on 2 September 2022. The Navy designed her, Cochin Shipyard built her, she is 76 percent indigenous, and SAIL steel went into her hull. Here is how she was built, and how she inherited the 1961 carrier's name.

The Jantar Mantar in Jaipur, built for Sawai Jai Singh II and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2010: what its 19 instruments measure, the two-second sundial claim, and the sister observatories at Delhi, Ujjain, Varanasi and Mathura.

Kangla Fort in Imphal, the seat of the Meitei kings: its five walls and moats, the Kangla Sha and the Uttra, the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891, the British and Assam Rifles years, the handover of 20 November 2004 and the Kangla Fort Board's restoration.

Kanhoji Angre, admiral of the Maratha navy until 1729: the island forts at Kolaba and Suvarnadurg, his gurabs and gallivats, the dastak sea pass, the 1718 fight at Khanderi and the Anglo-Portuguese attack on Kolaba in December 1721.

How India won the 1983 World Cup: Kapil Dev's unbeaten 175 at Tunbridge Wells on 18 June, the 43-run win over West Indies at Lord's on 25 June, the squad and manager, the odds, the effect on Indian cricket and the link to 2011.

Keoladeo National Park at Bharatpur: the Maharaja's duck-shoot marsh, the 1981 Ramsar listing and 1985 World Heritage inscription, 364 to 375 recorded bird species, the Siberian crane's last winter and the Chambal pipeline that now supplies water.

What happened to Lucknow's Awadh-era buildings after the March 1858 recapture: the Kaiserbagh palace complex, the Machhi Bhawan fort, Robert Napier's plan for roads through the old city, and what survives, from the Bara Imambara to the Residency ruins.

Marthanda Varma of Travancore (1706 to 1758) and the Battle of Colachel in 1741: what Travancore's histories and the Dutch company's own letters say, who Eustachius De Lannoy was, how the kingdom grew, and the 1750 dedication to Padmanabhaswamy.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad from the Urdu weekly Al-Hilal in 1912 to the Congress presidency, Ahmednagar Fort and the Cabinet Mission, then as Education Minister the UGC, IIT Kharagpur, the national akademis and the ICCR, with each date sourced.

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) offered 100 days of rural wage work from 2006. Person-days by year, bank and Aadhaar wage payment, social audits, what named studies found, and its repeal on 1 July 2026 by the VB-G RAM G Act.

Olive ridley turtles in Odisha: 6,98,718 laid eggs at Rushikulya in February 2025 and 6,06,933 at Gahirmatha that March. How the arribada works, the Devi river mouth, tagging by ZSI and WII, the seven-month trawling closure, turtle excluder devices and the 2026 season.

What ONDC is, how its open protocol lets any compliant buyer app reach any seller, how the 2022 pilot began in Bengaluru, and what ONDC, DPIIT and PIB figures say about orders and sellers, with the UPI comparison and what analysts and surveys found.

Operation Cactus, 3 to 6 November 1988: the airlift of the 50th Independent Parachute Brigade from Agra to Hulhule, the rescue of the Maldives President, the Navy's chase of the Progress Light, the counts that differ and the ties that followed.

P. V. Sindhu's record with dates: Olympic silver (Rio 2016) and bronze (Tokyo 2020), five BWF World Championships medals with the 2019 gold, Commonwealth and Asian Games medals, her Gopichand academy years, national honours and 2026 results to 27 October.

Pattadakal in Karnataka has nine Hindu temples and a Jain shrine built under the Chalukyas, and UNESCO listed it in 1987. How the Virupaksha, Mallikarjuna and Papanatha temples joined northern and southern styles, who built them, and how they follow on from Aihole and Badami.

How the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana went from its 1 May 2016 launch at Ballia to 10.58 crore LPG connections: the Rs 300 targeted subsidy, WHO and Lancet figures on household air pollution, the health studies and the refill data from the ministry, auditors and surveys.

Raigad fort in 1818: what the British siege of 25 April to 10 May destroyed, what the Gazetteers and an army engineer recorded standing in Shivaji's capital, and how the tomb, gates and ruins have been repaired and excavated since.

Who Rani Gaidinliu was: the Rongmei Naga woman who led the Zeliangrong Heraka movement after Jadonang's hanging in 1931, her capture in 1932, Nehru's 'Rani', her release, the Padma Bhushan, the 1996 stamp and the 2015 coin.

How treasure hunters in 1822 and the excavators of 1851 damaged the Great Stupa at Sanchi, why its gateways were not shipped to London, how the Begums of Bhopal and the Archaeological Survey repaired it, and where the relics went next.

How Santiniketan grew from Debendranath Tagore's 1863 retreat into Rabindranath Tagore's 1901 school and the 1921 world university, what UNESCO's 2023 inscription says, how the Poush Mela fits in, and the nine steps the Committee asked India to consider.

Satish Dhawan (1920 to 2002): boundary-layer research at Caltech and IISc, ISRO chairman from 1972 to 1984, the SLV-3 failure of 1979 and orbit of 1980, and the renaming of Sriharikota in 2002. What the records say, and where they differ.

Sir M. Visvesvaraya, whose birthday is Engineers' Day: the Khadakwasla gates, the Nira canal block system, the 1909 Hyderabad flood report, the Krishna Raja Sagara dam, his six years as Dewan of Mysore and the Bharat Ratna, from his own memoir and later records.

How Siraj-ud-Daulah took Fort William in June 1756: his grievances over fortifications and trade passes, the siege, and the Black Hole, where Holwell's letters, Orme, S. C. Hill, Sarkar and Brijen Gupta give different counts.

What stood in Tipu Sultan's island capital after 4 May 1799: the Lal Mahal in the fort, the Lal Bagh palace, the ramparts, the arsenals, the Daria Daulat and the Gumbaz, which were demolished or left to ruin, and what the ASI protects now.

Subramania Bharati, Tamil poet and journalist (1882 to 1921): the title Bharati at 11, Swadesamitran and the weekly India, the Pondicherry years, Panchali Sapatham, his death in 1921, and the memorials, Mahakavi Day and BHU chair that mark him.

How India's Agni ballistic missiles developed: the 1983 IGMDP, the 1989 technology demonstrator, Agni-I to Agni-V and Agni-Prime, the ranges the Defence Ministry has announced, and Mission Divyastra, the 2024 multiple-warhead test of Agni-5.

The Battle of Haldighati, June 1576: the pass and the Khamnor and Rakta Talai fields, the cavalry and elephants Lona and Ram Prasad, Chetak, what Abul Fazl, Badauni, G. N. Sharma, Sarkar and Chandra concluded, and how Mewar recovered by 1588.

How Chittaprosad, Zainul Abedin, Sunil Janah, Somnath Hore, the play Nabanna and Satyajit Ray's Ashani Sanket recorded the Bengal famine of 1943, which works were banned or seized, and where they are held and shown today.

Bhakra Nangal Dam on the Sutlej: the 1908 proposal and the 1919 and 1939 reports, construction from 1948, the 225.55 m dam and Gobind Sagar, 1,415 MW at two power houses, BBMB water shares, Nehru's words, the farms it irrigates and the Bilaspur oustees.

What Masson, Burnes and Cunningham saw at Harappa, what Cunningham wrote about brick ballast for the Lahore and Multan Railway, what the ASI reports, Marshall, Vats and Wheeler add, and how the 1921 excavations by Daya Ram Sahni dated the city.

The Churches and Convents of Goa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986: the Basilica of Bom Jesus and the tomb of St Francis Xavier, the Sé Cathedral, St Francis of Assisi, Our Lady of the Rosary, how they were built and who protects them.

What happened to Shahjahanabad after the British recaptured Delhi in 1857: the Jama Masjid barracks and its return in 1862, the Fatehpuri Mosque sale and government buyback, Zinat-ul-Masajid, the lost Akbarabadi Mosque, the city gates and walls, and the cleared ground around the Red Fort.

The Golden Quadrilateral joins Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata over 5,846 km. How it was built under the National Highways Development Project, and where highway length, kilometres built per day, Bharatmala, expressways and FASTag stand in 2026.

The Bengal famine of 1769 to 1770, Chhiyattarer Manwantar: the failed rains, the land revenue the Company's officers kept up, Becher's warnings, the Council's relief, Warren Hastings's one-third figure and the estimates of the dead, from one million to ten million.

How the Great Stupa at Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh was built up under the Satavahanas, quarried by a local zamindar's workmen in the 1790s, drawn by Colin Mackenzie's team in 1816 and 1817, and excavated by Walter Elliot in 1845, with the slabs now in Chennai, London and Amaravati.

The history of the Indian Institutes of Technology: the Sarkar Committee, the Hijli camp at Kharagpur, four partner countries, the Acts of 1956 and 1961, the entrance examination, 23 IITs in 2025 and the NIRF 2025 rankings, with named alumni.

How India's Famine Codes grew from the 1880 commission to the 1945 Woodhead report: Bihar in 1873 and 1874, the codes tested in 1897 and 1900, Bengal in 1943, the 1948 grain reserve and the debate over Sen's argument about democracy.

The Indian Navy in the 1971 war: Operation Trident off Karachi on 4 and 5 December, Operation Python on 8 and 9 December, the blockade of East Pakistan, the loss of PNS Ghazi off Visakhapatnam and of INS Khukri, with each side's figures.

The Kargil War of 1999 from the official record: the Army's uphill assaults at Tololing and Tiger Hill, the Bofors guns firing at open sights, Operation Safed Sagar, the four Param Vir Chakra awards, the casualty counts and the Kargil Review Committee.

What Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu runs and builds: the VVER-1000 units, the 1988 and 2008 agreements, the 2013 and 2016 grid dates, 127 billion kWh generated by April 2026, the AERB safety reviews, the 2013 Supreme Court directions and spent-fuel storage.

Mid-day meal scheme history and numbers: Tamil Nadu's noon meals, the 1995 national programme, the 2001 Supreme Court order in PUCL v Union of India, the 2013 Food Security Act, PM POSHAN's nutrition norms and cost, and what peer-reviewed studies measured.

Moidams, the Ahom royal burial mounds at Charaideo in Assam, became India's 43rd UNESCO World Heritage Site on 26 July 2024. Read what UNESCO and ICOMOS say about the 90 mounds, the Tai-Ahom funeral tradition and how the ASI and Assam protect them.

The National Food Security Act and the Public Distribution System in dated figures: the 5 kg and 35 kg entitlements, 79.08 crore beneficiaries identified by July 2026, free grain under PMGKAY, 5.51 lakh fair price shops, One Nation One Ration Card and what researchers measured.

The Orissa famine of 1866 (Na'anka durbhiksha) from the record: the failed 1865 rains, the Board of Revenue's refusals, the monsoon-blocked ports, the Campbell Commission of 1867, the mortality estimates by name, and the canals and famine codes that followed.

The Pala dynasty ruled Bengal and Bihar for about four centuries from the mid-8th century. What the Khalimpur and Nalanda copper plates say, how Paharpur, Vikramashila and Nalanda were supported, and how the Senas replaced the dynasty.

The New Pamban Bridge, India's first vertical-lift railway sea bridge, opened on 6 April 2025. How RVNL built the 72.5 m lift span, what the 1914 Scherzer bridge and the 1964 cyclone left behind, and where published figures for cost and span differ.

How India's PARAM supercomputers grew from C-DAC's PARAM 8000 into the National Supercomputing Mission: 37 systems and 40 petaflops by December 2025, PARAM Yuva II, PARAM Siddhi-AI, the Pratyush and Mihir weather machines, Rudra servers and TOP500 ranks with list dates.

The Param Vir Chakra, India's highest wartime gallantry award: how it was instituted in 1950, how Savitri Khanolkar designed it around Indra's vajra, what the medal looks like, the government's list of all 21 recipients with units and actions, and the allowance it carries.

The Red Fort Complex in Delhi: Shah Jahan's palace fort of 1639 to 1648, the Lahori Gate, Diwan-i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas and Rang Mahal, the older Salimgarh fort, UNESCO's 2007 listing, the flag of 1947, ASI conservation and visitor figures.

How The Statesman of Calcutta, edited by Ian Stephens, printed famine photographs from 22 August 1943 under the Defence of India Rules, what the Indian and London papers printed, and what the records show about the move to relief under Wavell.

The Tejas light combat aircraft first flew on 4 January 2001, joined the Indian Air Force in 2016 and now has 180 Mk1A fighters on order from HAL, including 97 contracted on 25 September 2025 for over ₹62,370 crore.

V.O. Chidambaram Pillai founded the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company in 1906 to run steamers from Tuticorin to Colombo. The ships Gallia and Lawoe, the 1908 arrest, the High Court's six-year sentence, the Coimbatore oil press and the port that now carries his name.

Velu Nachiyar (1730 to 1796), queen of Sivaganga in Tamil Nadu: the June 1772 fall of the kingdom, her years near Dindigul, Hyder Ali's Mysore and the Marudu brothers, the 1780 recapture and the 2008 stamp, with each disputed claim attributed.

What the military cleared inside Delhi's Red Fort after 1857, from the Mahtab Bagh and royal kitchens to harem courts, and what the Archaeological Survey restored in the Curzon era, drawn from ASI reports, Curzon's speeches and UNESCO files.

Who fed Bengal in 1943 and 1944: the 6,625 kitchens counted by the Famine Inquiry Commission, the Ramakrishna Mission at Sarisha, the Bengal Relief Committee, the Marwari Relief Society and the Hindu Mahasabha, Wavell's October 1943 visit, and the Army's grain movement.

Yellapragada Subbarow (1895 to 1948), born in Bhimavaram, co-built the Fiske-Subbarow phosphorus test at Harvard, reported phosphocreatine and ATP, and led Lederle research on folic acid, aminopterin, methotrexate and aureomycin.

What an AI hallucination is and why language models produce them, with the court records that followed: Mata v. Avianca, Park v. Kim, Johnson v. Dunn, an Indian Supreme Court order, a Stanford study of legal research tools, measured fixes and what courts now require.

Alluri Sitarama Raju and the Rampa rebellion of 1922 to 1924: the forest rules and unpaid road labour behind it, the August 1922 police station raids, the guerrilla war, the disputed birth year and death details, and the stamp, statue and district named for him.

India's elephants in numbers: the 22,446 estimate from the first DNA-based count and how dung samples produced it, 33 Elephant Reserves, 150 validated corridors, Project Elephant since 1992, Schedule I protection and the railway sensors behind a fall in track deaths from 26 to 12.

Auroville facts from official pages: the 1968 inauguration, UNESCO resolutions, the 1988 Act, the Matrimandir, forest and solar figures, plus Pondicherry's French quarter, its heritage walk and practical visiting details, all read on 22 October 2026.

Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY explained with dated government figures: the ₹5 lakh cover launched at Ranchi on 23 September 2018, who qualifies, the 70-plus extension, cards, admissions, empanelled hospitals, portability, and what studies found.

Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh: UNESCO World Heritage since 2003, V. S. Wakankar's 1957 identification, 243 shelters on Bhimbetka hill, how the paintings are dated, the Auditorium Cave cupules and visitor facts.

Fatehpur Sikri near Agra: UNESCO's three criteria, Akbar's building dates as UNESCO, the ASI and others give them, the Buland Darwaza, Jama Masjid, Salim Chishti's tomb, Diwan-i-Khas pillar, red sandstone, the water debate, and visitor facts.

How the Gandhara school (Taxila, the Peshawar valley) and the Mathura school (red sandstone, Kushan period) first showed the Buddha as a person, what museum labels say about his hair, robes and face, and where the main works are held.

Garba of Gujarat was inscribed on UNESCO's intangible heritage list in December 2023. What the file says about the lit earthen pot and the Navratri circles, how scholars place Garba beside raas, and how Vadodara set a Guinness record in October 2026.

How Hampi became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986: the Vijayanagara capital founded in 1336, the Virupaksha and Vittala temples, the royal enclosure, the 1565 Battle of Talikota, and who protects the ruins under Indian law today.

How AI is used in Indian farming, using only deployments with published figures: AI monsoon forecasts to 3.88 crore farmers, the Kisan e-Mitra chatbot, the Bharat-VISTAAR helpline, pest-photo apps, AgriStack, and pilots in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, with who measured each result.

How the Kakori Train Action of 9 August 1925 has been remembered: the 1927 judgment and Congress resolutions, the 2021 renaming, the Amrit Mahotsav programmes, the centenary year to August 2025 and the Kakori Shaheed Smarak near Lucknow.

How India's Lokpal works under the 2013 Act: who it can investigate, how a complaint is filed, the 60-day and 90-day inquiry limits, the 2017 Supreme Court ruling, the 2016 amendment and complaint figures up to 2025-26.

How a private company gets permission to launch a rocket in India: the 2020 Cabinet reforms, the Indian Space Policy 2023, IN-SPACe authorisations, the 2024 foreign-investment limits, and the flights of Vikram-S, Agnibaan SOrTeD and Vikram-1.

Startup India's numbers as of 2026: 2.47 lakh DPIIT-recognised startups on 12 August 2026, the states and sectors in front, over 120 unicorns, the Fund of Funds and its second Rs 10,000 crore round, credit guarantees and the tax rules.

The Integral Coach Factory in Chennai: from Swiss technology and a first coach on 2 October 1955 to its 80,000th coach in 2026, 3,007 coaches in 2024-25, the switch to LHB design, Train 18 and Vande Bharat, metro coaches, exports and the 24-coach sleeper.

ISRO's PSLV-C60 upper stage became the POEM-4 orbital platform: 24 payloads, cowpea seeds that sprouted on day four, a walking robotic arm, green thrusters and an AI lab, then a controlled re-entry on 4 April 2025.

Jal Jeevan Mission rural tap water coverage in dated figures: 3.23 crore households in 2019, 15.89 crore by July 2026, how the Centre, states and villages share the work, and what a 2024 survey, a WHO model and state audits found.

Kaziranga National Park in Assam: the 1985 UNESCO inscription, the 2,613 rhinos counted in March 2022, 148 adult tigers in the 2024 camera-trap survey, the poaching record, the monsoon floods and the 34.5 km elevated corridor on NH-715 cleared in October 2025.

Kochi Water Metro explained from official sources: 7.9 million passengers by October 2026, 100-passenger electric-hybrid boats from Cochin Shipyard, terminals linking Kochi's islands, funding from Germany's KfW, a global transport award mention and feasibility studies in other cities.

Manu Bhaker's two bronze medals at Paris 2024: scores from the 10 m air pistol and mixed team finals, India's seven Olympic shooting medals, the Ministry's support figures, the Khel Ratna and her results through September 2026.

Orchha, the Bundela capital on the Betwa River in Madhya Pradesh, is on UNESCO's Tentative List and has a nomination dossier aimed at 2027 to 2028. Read what the list entry says about its palaces, the Ram Raja and Chaturbhuj temples and about 14 chhatris.

How Pingali Venkayya's 1921 flag design, Gandhi's own account of it, the 1931 switch from red to saffron and the Constituent Assembly's 22 July 1947 resolution produced the Indian tricolour, with what each record says.

PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana by the numbers from MNRE, PIB and Lok Sabha records: 60 lakh households, 17,855 MW, the Rs 30,000 per kW subsidy capped at Rs 78,000, loans at 5.75 percent, the leading states and the one crore target.

How many Jan Dhan accounts exist, how much they hold, and who owns them: the October 2026 official count, the 2014 Guinness record, RuPay cards, Direct Benefit Transfer totals, World Bank Findex data from 2011 to 2024, and the zero-balance and inactive-account figures.

The Qutb complex in Mehrauli, Delhi: UNESCO's 1993 inscription and criterion (iv), the Minar's 72.5 metres and five storeys, Aibak, Iltutmish and Firuz Shah Tughlaq, the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque, the Iron Pillar, the Alai Darwaza and ASI visiting rules.

Sangam literature is the earliest writing in Tamil: the Ettuttokai anthologies, the Pattuppattu idylls and the Tolkappiyam. How scholars date the poems, how U. V. Swaminatha Iyer printed them, and what the 12 October 2004 classical-language notification set in motion.

How Satyajit Ray's Apu Trilogy went back to cinemas in a 4K restoration in May 2015, after a July 1993 nitrate fire at Henderson's Film Laboratories in London burned the original negatives, and what the Academy, Criterion and a Bologna laboratory did.

A guide to Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh: Key Monastery above Kaza, Tabo Monastery founded in 996, Dhankar, the Tashigang polling station at 15,256 feet, the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve, snow leopards, and how the Atal Tunnel changed the road.

How a surgical robot works, the FDA's July 2000 clearance of the da Vinci, what randomised trials and Cochrane reviews found in rectal, prostate and gynaecological surgery, and what the SSi Mantra, CDSCO-approved and developed in India, has done in telesurgery.

The Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) in dated figures: more than 12 crore household toilets, the 2 October 2019 ODF declaration, ODF Plus villages, three rural sanitation surveys, Swachh Survekshan 2024-25, WHO and UNICEF data and the health studies.

The Battle of Asal Uttar, 8 to 10 September 1965: how Indian units halted Pakistan's Patton tanks near Khem Karan, what each source says about the tank count, Havildar Abdul Hamid's Param Vir Chakra citation, and the Patton Nagar memorial.

The Battle of Basantar, 15 to 17 December 1971, in the Shakargarh bulge: the mine barriers, the units that held the bridgehead, the Poona Horse crossing, Arun Khetarpal's Param Vir Chakra citation, the Maha Vir Chakras, and how the tank counts differ.

The eight classical dances of India, Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniyattam, Odissi and Sattriya: home states, the Natya Shastra, the Sangeet Natak Akademi founded in 1952, its awards and UNESCO listings.

Elephanta Caves near Mumbai: the UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1987, the rock-cut Shiva temple of Cave 1, the three-faced Maheshamurti, the debated dating, the Portuguese name, ASI care of the site and the ferry from the Gateway of India.

The first session of the Indian National Congress, Bombay, 28 to 30 December 1885: the 72 representatives, W. C. Bonnerjee in the chair, A. O. Hume and the Theosophical circle, the nine resolutions from the printed report, and the road to the 1907 Surat split.

The Ganges river dolphin, India's National Aquatic Animal, was counted nationally for the first time: 6,327 river dolphins in 28 rivers, led by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. How the survey worked, what Project Dolphin has done, and the Vikramshila sanctuary.

The Hill Forts of Rajasthan became a UNESCO World Heritage property on 21 June 2013. Six forts, from Chittorgarh to Jaisalmer: what each one is, the criteria the Committee used, who protects them and how many people visit.

How India took the International Year of Millets to the United Nations: resolution 75/263, the 72 sponsors, production figures to 2024-25, the Hyderabad millets institute, the PLI scheme, millet exports and the March 2023 Delhi conference.

How 21 June became the International Day of Yoga: UN resolution 69/131 of 11 December 2014, the 2015 Rajpath session with 35,985 participants, the Ministry of Ayush and its Common Yoga Protocol, Mysuru 2022, Visakhapatnam 2025 and UNESCO's 2016 listing.

The Great Chaitya at Karla near Lonavala, as the Archaeological Survey of India describes it: a 37.87 metre hall with wooden roof ribs and a lion pillar, built with gifts from named donors, plus how scholars date it and how it is kept.

The next Kumbh Melas after Prayagraj: the Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha from 31 October 2026, Haridwar from 14 January 2027 and Ujjain from 27 March 2028, with the 12-year cycle, the rivers, Maharashtra's new authority and the works under way.

The Indian Sundarbans explained: UNESCO's 1987 listing and its criteria, the mangrove species, the 100 tigers photographed in 2022, the 2019 Ramsar listing, the 2025 approval to enlarge the tiger reserve, the nylon-net fences and honey permits, and what studies say on sea level.

The Western Ghats World Heritage Site explained: 39 components in seven clusters, UNESCO's criteria (ix) and (x), its species counts and 325 threatened species, the monsoon barrier, forest department protection, and the Gadgil and Kasturirangan reports.

Udayagiri and Khandagiri near Bhubaneswar have 33 rock-cut caves kept by the ASI. What the 17-line Hathigumpha inscription says about King Kharavela of Kalinga, how scholars read it, and what the Rani and Ganesha caves carry.

Vande Mataram at 150: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's 1875 composition and the 1882 novel Anandamath, the 1896 Congress session, the 1905 Swadeshi slogan, the Constituent Assembly statement of 24 January 1950, and the 2025 commemoration.

An IISc and Danish team built a recombinant antivenom from five nanobodies that protected mice against Indian cobra and king cobra venom, reported in Science Translational Medicine in September 2026. What was tested, the national snakebite figures behind it, and the testing that comes next.

ISRO announced on 15 October 2026 the first joint analysis of Aditya-L1 and Proba-3 coronagraph data: two coronal mass ejections of September 2025, their speeds, density and energy, how the two instruments cross-checked each other, and what limits the result.

How Chandigarh was planned after 1947, what stands in Le Corbusier's Capitol Complex, what UNESCO wrote when it inscribed the site in 2016, how Nek Chand built the Rock Garden, and the hours official pages list for visiting.

Chennai Metro Phase II opened its first stretch on 11 October 2026: 14.64 km and 11 elevated stations from Poonamallee Bypass to Vadapalani, a 3.7 km double-decker section, fares of ₹10 to ₹40 and trains every 10 minutes at peak.

Diu island explained from official pages read in October 2026: the Blue Flag awarded to Ghoghla beach on 6 October 2020 and its status since, Diu Fort begun in 1535, St Paul's Church of 1610, Panikotha in the sea, Gangeshwar and the 1961 liberation.

Durga Puja in Kolkata was inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in December 2021. What the nomination and the Committee said, the days from Shashthi to Dashami, barowari pujas, and the state's role.

What the Chinese Buddhist pilgrims Faxian (法显), Xuanzang (玄奘) and Yijing (义净) recorded about Indian cities, monasteries, the Gupta and Harsha periods, and how Cunningham and the Archaeological Survey used their books to locate Nalanda and other sites.

Gondhal, Santosh Davakhar's Marathi film set around a night-long folk ritual, is India's entry for the 99th Academy Awards. The selection, the Academy's rules, the IFFI Silver Peacock and the FIPRESCI prize, from official and wire reports.

Hanle in Ladakh: the Dark Sky Reserve notified in December 2022, the Himalayan Chandra Telescope, HAGAR and MACE, clear nights and dry air, what they have found, and the rules for astro-tourism visitors.

India's Ramsar site count reached 103 on 15 October 2026 with Sukhna Wetland in Chandigarh and Sauj Jheel in Uttar Pradesh. What the Ramsar Information Sheets record about their birds, area and management, and how the tally rose from 99 in April.

India's trade with Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Peru, dated and sourced: the Mercosur pact expansion launched on 14 September 2026, KABIL's lithium blocks in Catamarca, ten Latin American and Caribbean digital agreements, medicine regulation and training.

What the India-New Zealand free trade agreement changed from 20 October 2026: zero duty for 100 per cent of Indian exports, the tariff schedule for apples, kiwifruit, wine and honey, the 5,000-visa skilled pathway and the US$20 billion investment aim.

India-Saudi Arabia relations as of October 2026: the Strategic Partnership Council set up in 2019, US$41.07 billion of trade in 2025-26, crude and LPG supplies, Saudi investment, 2.75 million Indians, remittances, defence ties, IMEC and the Haj quota.

India's goods exports reached US$44.40 billion in September 2026, up 23 per cent, and US$259.89 billion for April to September, up 18.51 per cent. The Commerce Ministry's figures by product, the Reserve Bank's reading and the import side.

India's 88 medals after four days at the 2026 Asian Para Games in Aichi-Nagoya: the tally day by day, Sheetal Devi's world records and two archery golds, the Asian and Games records in athletics, and the 111-medal mark from Hangzhou.

India's telecom numbers from TRAI and the October 2026 India Mobile Congress: 1,101.21 million broadband subscribers in August, 13.45 million 5G fixed wireless subscribers, 28.39 GB of mobile data a month per user and the 5G target for 2030.

INS Samarthak, a multi-purpose trials vessel built by Larsen & Toubro at Kattupalli, was commissioned at Karwar on 16 October 2026. Dates from the 2022 contract, the over 75 percent indigenous content, and what the Defence Ministry's releases say about the ship.

Kashmir saffron explained with official records: 3,715 hectares around Pampore, the 2020 GI registration, what the Rs 400.11 crore National Saffron Mission funded, output and prices to 2024-25, how the flowers are picked, and the official response to falling yields.

How the Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands Submarine Optical Fibre Cable works: 1,868 km to eleven islands, built by BSNL and NEC for Rs 1,072 crore, dedicated on 3 January 2024, with capacity figures, 8,312 fibre connections and what each official source says residents gained.

UNESCO inscribed the Maratha Military Landscapes of India on 11 July 2025: twelve forts in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, from Raigad and Sindhudurg to Gingee. See each fort, its type, the criteria met and who looks after it.

Ramappa Temple at Palampet, Telangana: UNESCO inscribed it on 25 July 2021. How the Kakatiya temple was built from 1213, the dolerite bracket figures, the floating bricks, the sand foundation, Ramappa lake and the latest ASI and UNESCO conservation steps.

Rani ki Vav at Patan, Gujarat: the UNESCO criteria (i) and (iv), Queen Udayamati and the Solanki builders, seven levels of stairs, the Dashavatara panels, the silt that buried it, the ASI dig, the Rs 100 note, and how Adalaj and Dada Harir compare.

The Great Living Chola Temples, a UNESCO World Heritage property in Tamil Nadu: Brihadisvara at Thanjavur (consecrated 1010), Gangaikonda Cholapuram (completed 1035) and Airavatesvara at Darasuram. Dates, dimensions, murals, bronzes, who protects them and what living worship means.

Great Nicobar project explained from official documents: a 14.2 million TEU transshipment port at Galathea Bay, an airport, a 450 MVA power plant and a township in three phases to 2047, the port's cost estimates, the clearance and safeguards, and the objections.

The Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya in Bihar joined the UNESCO World Heritage List in June 2002. It holds a 50 m brick temple, the Vajrasana, the Bodhi tree and six more sacred spots, and a committee of Buddhists and Hindus manages it.

How the Hoysala temples of Belur, Halebidu and Somanathapura reached UNESCO's World Heritage List on 18 September 2023: the Committee's wording, the three temple dates, soapstone, the star-shaped plan, carved friezes, the ASI role and visiting hours.

India and France launched their strategic partnership on 26 January 1998. A dated guide to the Scorpene and Rafale programmes, the 26 Rafale-M contract, engine talks, ISRO and CNES satellites, Jaitapur, 2025-26 trade of 13.6 billion euros and Horizon 2047.

How India and Japan work together as of October 2026: JICA's metro and bullet train loans, Maruti Suzuki's exports to Japan, about 1,500 Japanese companies, the 10 trillion yen target, naval exercises, the Quad, chips and clean energy.

What India and Russia get from each other, from the 1971 treaty to the December 2025 summit: BrahMos and Su-30MKI production, Kudankulam's reactors, Soyuz T-11 and Gaganyaan training, crude oil, SIPRI's arms-import shares and the $100 billion trade target.

What India and the United States each gain, as of 19 October 2026: US$239.6 billion of trade in 2025, the ten-year defence framework, F404 engines for the Tejas, TRUST and Pax Silica technology ties, the NISAR satellite, Indian-American talent and the Quad.

India-UAE trade reached US$101.25 billion in FY 2025-26 under the CEPA in force since 1 May 2022. What official sources say about rupee-dirham settlement, UPI, UAE investment, 4.3 million Indians, remittances, oil storage, the IMEC corridor and the BAPS temple.

India's relief missions and credit lines in its neighbourhood, with dates: Operation Sagar Bandhu in Sri Lanka, the 2022 package, Nepal's power links, Bhutan's 3,156 MW of hydropower, the Maldives swap lines and Operation Brahma in Myanmar, all from official records.

India's trade agreements and corridors as of 19 October 2026: entry-into-force dates for the UAE, Australia, EFTA, Oman and UK agreements, New Zealand's due date, 2025-26 exports of US$863.1 billion, and the IMEC and INSTC routes.

How India's Navy, a Gurugram information centre, new warships built at home and port projects in Mauritius, Myanmar, Iran and Sri Lanka fit the SAGAR (2015) and MAHASAGAR (2025) visions, with dates and figures from official releases.

How Bhashini, the National Language Translation Mission, and AI4Bharat at IIT Madras built open translation, text and speech tools for Indian languages: IndicTrans2, IndicCorp, Kathbath, IndicVoices, and uses in Parliament, railways, courts and the Maha Kumbh.

Diwali 2026 falls on 8 November. A day-by-day guide to the five days from Dhanteras to Bhai Dooj, what tradition says each marks, how Bengal, the south, Sikhs and Jains keep the night, and UNESCO's December 2025 inscription of Deepavali.

What the measurements say about Himalayan glaciers: India's Gara Glacier record from 1974, the ICIMOD assessments, the doubling of ice loss after 2000, the Karakoram dispute, ISRO's mapping of 28,043 glacial lakes, the South Lhonak flood in Sikkim and India's early-warning programme.

How a large language model is trained, from filtering web text and splitting it into tokens to next-token pretraining, supervised fine-tuning, human feedback and safety testing, with the figures as printed in the Llama 3, GPT-3, InstructGPT and Chinchilla papers.

India's defence exports hit a record ₹38,424 crore in 2025-26, up from ₹686 crore in 2013-14. The ministry's year-by-year figures, the public and private split, named products and buyers, the ₹50,000 crore target and the new export licence rules.

How India's single-use plastic ban of 1 July 2022 and the Extended Producer Responsibility rules work: banned items, carry bag thickness, who must register, targets to 2028-29, portal registrations, inspection totals, and what audits are still checking.

Alappuzha's backwaters explained from official sources: the 2026 Nehru Trophy result, how Nehru's 1952 boat ride started the race, Kuttanad's below-sea-level rice fields, how a kettuvallam houseboat is built, the Champakulam race and visiting details.

Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) was a Pallava seaport on the Coromandel Coast. What UNESCO listed in 1984, the five rathas, the Shore Temple, the Arjuna's Penance relief, and what the ASI found offshore after the 2004 tsunami.

How NavIC works, where it covers, what it is used for and how it compares with GPS, plus the state of the constellation in October 2026: three navigation satellites, timing still on, and NVS-03 ready at Sriharikota.

Rakhigarhi in Haryana, the largest known Harappan site, gave the 2019 Cell paper its one usable skeleton out of 61 sampled. What the woman's ancestry shows, what a single genome cannot show, and how the paper's own authors disagree on its reading.

The Rann of Kutch explained from government, UNESCO and journal sources read on 15 October 2026: why the White Rann floods and dries, the Rann Utsav 2026-27 dates at Dhordo, Flamingo City, the wild ass count, the Dholavira link and Gujarat's salt output.

The 1945 Red Fort trial of Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Sahgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon: the defence team, Bhulabhai Desai's two-day argument, the findings, Auchinleck's remission of 3 January 1946, and what British papers say it did to army confidence.

How the Great Stupa at Sanchi grew from an Ashokan brick mound into a 36.6 metre stone dome with four carved gateways, was found in 1818, was rebuilt from 1912 under John Marshall and was listed by UNESCO in 1989.

How the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile came about: the 1998 India-Russia agreement, A. Sivathanu Pillai's role, the 12 June 2001 first launch, the official speed and range, the four launch versions, the extended-range tests and the export contracts.

A plain-language summary of the EU AI Act as of 15 October 2026: the four risk tiers, the banned practices, high-risk and transparency duties, general-purpose AI model rules, fines, and the dates after the AI Omnibus. Not legal advice.

The Kailasa temple at Ellora (cave 16) was carved downward out of a basalt slope in the 8th century, most likely under the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I. The engineering, the Ravana relief, the scholars' dating debate and the 1983 UNESCO listing.

What Article 1 means by a Union of States: Ambedkar's 1948 reasoning, how Articles 2 to 4 let Parliament create states, the 2000 and 2014 examples, how Indian federalism differs from the American model, and what the Sarkaria and Punchhi commissions found.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands at a glance: 836 islands, a Union territory since 1956 run by a Lieutenant Governor and presidential regulations, a Rs 12,499 crore economy, protected tribal reserves, a joint services command and the Great Nicobar project.

Andhra Pradesh state profile: how Andhra State of 1953 became Andhra Pradesh in 1956, what the 2014 Reorganisation Act and the 2026 Amaravati amendment settled, its 175-seat Assembly, 25 Lok Sabha seats, 28 districts, Article 371D and its economy.

Arunachal Pradesh at a glance: statehood on 20 February 1987 after NEFA and a Union territory from 1972, a 60-seat Assembly with 59 tribal seats, Article 371H, 28 districts, hydropower potential of 50,394 MW, the Sela Tunnel and the Vibrant Villages Programme.

Assam state profile: how the old province was reduced in stages, most recently in 2015, its 126-seat single-house Assembly, 14 Lok Sabha seats, Sixth Schedule councils, Article 371B, tea, the Kaziranga rhinos, the NRC figures and Section 6A.

Bihar at a glance: how the state took its present shape in 2000, its 243-seat Assembly and 75-seat Council, 2024-25 GSDP of Rs 9.92 lakh crore, income per person, the special category debate, Nalanda, makhana and floods, with sources.

How money flows from Delhi to the states: Article 282, the 60:40 and 90:10 cost-sharing ratios, the 2021 single nodal agency rules, SNA-SPARSH just-in-time release, Article 275 grants, and what the Union and the states each say, with 2026-27 Budget figures.

A profile of Chandigarh: how the planned city was built after 1947, how it became a union territory and joint capital on 1 November 1966, how the Administrator, the High Court and the Lok Sabha seat work, what the economy produces, and what comes next.

Chhattisgarh state profile: formed on 1 November 2000 from 16 Madhya Pradesh districts, its 90-seat Assembly, 11 Lok Sabha seats, Fifth Schedule areas, tin and coal, the ration shop reforms studied by economists and what Census 2027 means next.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu at a glance: the merger Act of 2019, the Portuguese-era history, an Administrator under Article 239, two Lok Sabha seats, Daman as headquarters, and an economy that no official state domestic product series measures.

Delhi at a glance: 70 Assembly seats, 7 Lok Sabha seats, 13 districts, one 250-ward Municipal Corporation since 22 May 2022, a Rs 13.27 lakh crore economy, 1.68 crore people at the 2011 Census and three UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

How India's Directive Principles (Part IV) and Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) work: why Article 37 keeps courts out, and how the Champakam, Unni Krishnan, Randhir Singh, Vellore and Minerva Mills cases and later amendments gave them force.

A dated guide to DRDO's missile tests from 10 June to 23 July 2026: ballistic missile defence, the NASM-MR anti-ship missile, the LRLACM cruise missile and Kusha, with what the Defence Ministry said and what it left out.

How the emergency provisions of the Indian Constitution work: who proclaims a national emergency under Article 352, what changes for rights and the states, the 1962, 1971 and 1975 proclamations, President's Rule under Article 356 and the Bommai judgment, and the financial emergency in Article 360.

How free legal aid and Lok Adalats work in India: who qualifies under Section 12, how to apply, what a Lok Adalat award is worth, what Permanent Lok Adalats and Tele-Law do, and the latest NALSA figures with dates.

Fundamental Rights in India explained from the text: the six groups in Articles 12 to 35, who counts as the State, the listed limits on each freedom, Article 32 and the writ powers, and how the Supreme Court widened Article 21 from Maneka Gandhi in 1978 to Puttaswamy in 2017.

Goa at a glance: statehood on 30 May 1987 after a 1967 opinion poll, a 40-seat Assembly under Article 371I, two Lok Sabha seats, Konkani as official language, Rs 7.09 lakh output per head, and the 2025 Act on Assembly seats for Scheduled Tribes.

How ISRO's GSLV-F17 launched the 2,367 kg EOS-05 on 4 September 2026, the orbit it reached, the three burns that followed, what a satellite that stays over India can image, and the 2021 GSLV loss it follows.

Gujarat at a glance: formed from Bombay State on 1 May 1960, 182 Assembly seats, 26 Lok Sabha seats, the longest state coastline at 2,340.62 km, Rs 3.71 lakh output per head, Amul, Gir lions and a liquor law inherited from Bombay.

A profile of Haryana: how the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 created the state, how its 90-seat Vidhan Sabha, 10 Lok Sabha seats and Hindi-first language law work, what its economy produces, and the Chandigarh and canal questions it shares with Punjab.

A profile of Himachal Pradesh: how 30 princely states and the Punjab hills became a state on 25 January 1971, how its 68-seat Assembly and two capitals work, what the economy earns, the Section 118 land law, the first voter of 1951, and what comes next.

How a Bill becomes an Act in India: Cabinet approval, introduction, committee referral, the three readings, the Rajya Sabha, joint sittings under Article 108, presidential assent, the Gazette, commencement and private members' Bills, with dated examples from 1961 to 2026.

How a case reaches the Supreme Court of India: Article 131 suits, Article 32 writs, certificate appeals, special leave petitions under Article 136, Article 143 references, review and curative petitions, and how a filing becomes a listed hearing.

How a state budget works: the Governor's estimates and the Assembly's vote under Articles 202 to 206, own tax revenue, the Centre's transfers, state market loans, Article 293 consent, the 3 per cent ceiling, and the Reserve Bank's 2025-26 figures.

How an Indian district is run: 784 districts, the Collector's revenue and magistrate powers with a worked Uttar Pradesh example, the police superintendent, the district panchayat, and the Aspirational Districts Programme results.

How India's GST works: Articles 246A, 269A and 279A, CGST, SGST and IGST, the GST Council's one-third and two-thirds voting rule, the 5, 18 and 40 per cent slabs since 22 September 2025, the compensation cess and the September 2026 collection figures.

How judges are appointed in India: what Articles 124 and 217 say, the Judges Cases of 1981, 1993 and 1998, the path a High Court name takes from the Chief Justice to the President, four commission bills, and the 2015 NJAC verdict.

How India elects its President under Articles 54 and 55: who sits in the electoral college, how each MLA's and MP's vote is valued, how the single transferable vote count works, with 2022 figures and the 1969 count that needed transfers.

How Indian civil law works: the Contract Act 1872, the Transfer of Property Act, the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, limitation periods, specific relief, arbitration, commercial courts and the Mediation Act 2023, with the section numbers and deadlines.

How India goes to war: what Article 53, the Union List and Article 352 say, the Cabinet rules on declaring a state of war, Parliament's power over law and money, and the Supreme Court's rulings on deploying the armed forces to help state governments.

How India's criminal law changed on 1 July 2024: the BNS, BNSS and BSA, their section counts against the IPC, CrPC and Evidence Act, new offences, FIR and trial deadlines, electronic evidence, and the court challenges so far.

How India settles river water disputes between states: Article 262, the 1956 Act's steps, the nine tribunals from Krishna to Mahanadi, the 2018 Cauvery scheme, the Supreme Court's 2016 Ravi-Beas opinion and the 2019 standing tribunal bill that lapsed.

How Indian states differ on language: Article 345, the official languages 16 states adopted by law, school Acts in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Kerala, the 1968 three-language resolution and NEP 2020 paragraph 4.13.

How India holds elections: Article 324 and the Election Commission, how its three members are chosen under the 2023 Act, the electoral roll, constituency delimitation, EVMs and VVPAT, the Model Code of Conduct, and the seven phases and counting of the 2024 Lok Sabha election.

How Lok Sabha seats are shared among States under Article 81, why the 42nd and 84th Amendments froze the count at the 1971 census, what Census 2027 changes, and how the 2026 bills, women's reservation and the southern and northern arguments fit together.

How Indian courts are organised: the Supreme Court with 38 sanctioned judges, the 25 High Courts, district and subordinate courts, tribunals, how judges are appointed, and what the National Judicial Data Grid shows on pending cases.

How India's panchayats and municipalities work under the 73rd and 74th Amendments: the three tiers and gram sabha, seat reservation for women, SCs and STs, five-year terms, state finance commissions, Finance Commission grants, and what the Supreme Court has ruled.

How Parliament's sessions work in India: who summons it under Article 85, the Budget, Monsoon and Winter calendar, adjournment versus prorogation, Question Hour, Zero Hour, the 24 standing committees and the Public Accounts Committee.

State-by-state figures for own revenue, central transfers and debt from the Reserve Bank's 2025-26 State Finances study and the 16th Finance Commission, with the highest and lowest states in each and what Finance Commission money does for hill and northeastern states.

How the Indian armed forces take orders: Article 53 and the President as Supreme Commander, the Cabinet Committee on Security, the Defence Minister's ministry, the Chief of Defence Staff and Department of Military Affairs created in 2019, and the separate nuclear command chain.

How the Seventh Schedule divides lawmaking between Parliament and the states: 98 Union, 59 State and 52 Concurrent List entries, examples from each, Articles 246 to 254, the 42nd and 101st Amendments, and Supreme Court rulings from 2022 and 2024.

How Parliament can legislate on State List subjects under Articles 249, 250, 252 and 253, how Article 254 settles clashes on the Concurrent List, with the 1950 and 1986 Rajya Sabha resolutions, the 2023 Jallikattu ruling and the 2020 farm laws.

How Article 368 works: the two majorities Parliament needs, the amendments that also need half the states, the 106 Acts passed since 1950, and the Supreme Court cases from Golaknath to Kesavananda Bharati that set the limits.

How Delhi is governed under Article 239AA: the 70-seat Assembly, the Lieutenant Governor, the 2018 and 2023 Supreme Court rulings, the 2023 services Act and its National Capital Civil Service Authority, and what happened to the challenge in 2025.

How the Lok Sabha works: the 543 elected seats and their reservation, the five-year term, how the Speaker is elected and removed, what the Speaker can rule on, the Leader of the Opposition and the Deputy Speaker vacancy.

How the President and Prime Minister of India work together: the three duties in Article 78, the papers sent to Rashtrapati Bhavan under the 1961 rules, and dated cases where a President returned a bill, an ordinance or a Cabinet recommendation.

How a Prime Minister of India is chosen: what Article 75 says, how the President decides when no party has a majority, how the council of ministers is built, what collective responsibility means, and how a confidence vote can end a government.

How the Union Budget is passed: Articles 112 to 117, pre-budget consultations, the speech, demands for grants, the guillotine, the Appropriation and Finance Bills, vote on account, with the 2026-27 Budget as the worked example.

How the Rajya Sabha works: who sits in the Council of States, how members are elected by single transferable vote, why it is never dissolved, what it can do to a money bill, and the powers under Articles 249 and 312 that only it holds.

A fact-by-fact comparison as of October 2026: the US connected-vehicle rule, its 2027 and 2030 dates and the 100 per cent tariff, against India's Press Note 3, the March 2026 easing, the EV import scheme and the reported 2023 BYD decision.

A plain guide to the Union executive of India: the President under Articles 52 to 62, the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers under Articles 74 and 75, the Cabinet Secretariat, the 51 ministries, and the 1961 rules that decide who takes each decision.

What the India-EU free trade agreement, concluded on 27 January 2026, covers: tariff cuts on both sides, services and visa rules for professionals, the carbon border charge, and the steps left after the Commission's 11 September 2026 proposal to the Council.

How India's 28 states and 8 Union territories came to exist: the 1950 Parts A to D, the Fazl Ali commission, the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, the later states from 1960 to 2014, the 2019 Jammu and Kashmir Act, the 2020 merger, and a table of all 36.

How India's civil services work: Article 312 and the three All India Services, the UPSC's constitutional protections, the 2026 exam rules, the 2025 numbers from 9,37,876 applicants, how cadres are allotted, and the Centre-state argument over deputation.

India's first hydrogen train was flagged off on the 89 km Jind to Sonipat line in Haryana on 17 July 2026. How the fuel-cell trainset works, what the Jind refuelling plant does, how it compares abroad and what is still a pilot.

How India's CCTV security certification works: the 2024 Gazette orders, the BIS and STQC process, what labs test in hardware, firmware and chip sourcing, the 1 April 2026 sale cut-off, and what Reuters and others reported about suppliers.

The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam reached first criticality on 6 April 2026. How a fast breeder works, why India built one around thorium, the 2003 to 2026 build history with costs, and what the official releases say comes next.

Who can order a nuclear strike in India: the Nuclear Command Authority, its Political Council under the Prime Minister and Executive Council under the National Security Adviser, the 2003 statement, the Constitution, and what the government has not published.

India's rare earth permanent magnet scheme as of 14 October 2026: the Rs 7,280 crore outlay, the 6,000 tonne target, the 20 bids opened on 13 August, why magnets matter for electric vehicles and wind turbines, India's rare earth resources, and what is still undecided.

India's record exports of US$863.1 billion in 2025-26 explained with official figures as of 14 October 2026: the goods and services split, the biggest product groups, the top destinations, the trade agreements and the early 2026-27 numbers.

How Indian citizenship works: Articles 5 to 11, the Citizenship Act 1955, citizenship by birth (1950, 1987, 2004), descent, registration, naturalisation, territory, the 2019 amendment, OCI cards, and how citizenship is renounced or lost.

Jammu and Kashmir profile: the 2019 reorganisation, the 90-seat Assembly and the Lieutenant Governor's powers, the 2023 Supreme Court judgment, a Rs 2.86 lakh crore economy, apples, tourism, the Darbar Move and the statehood demand.

Jharkhand at a glance: how it was carved from Bihar on 15 November 2000, its 81-seat Assembly, Fifth Schedule districts and PESA rules, the 2010 Supreme Court ruling, 2024-25 GSDP, coal and the mineral cess, with sources.

Karnataka state profile: how five territories became one state in 1956, its two-house legislature, 28 Lok Sabha seats, 31 districts, Bengaluru's weight in India's services exports, Article 371J for Kalyana Karnataka and what the 2027 census means next.

Kerala at a glance: formed on 1 November 1956 from three territories, a 140-seat Assembly, 20 Lok Sabha seats, 93.91 per cent literacy, Rs 2,16,893 crore in remittances, the Vizhinjam port, Article 290A and the Sabarimala reference.

Ladakh at a glance: how Kargil and Leh became a Union Territory on 31 October 2019, who governs without an Assembly, the two hill councils, the budget, tourism, Hanle observatory, and the Sixth Schedule talks as of October 2026, with sources.

Lakshadweep at a glance: how the islands became a Union territory on 1 November 1956, how the Administrator and Article 240 regulations govern them, 2011 Census figures, the tuna fishery, the 2024 undersea cable and the 2026 land and planning rules.

Madhya Pradesh state profile: formed on 1 November 1956 from four states, cut by 16 districts in 2000, its 230-seat Assembly, 55 districts, the largest tribal population of any state, diamonds, tigers, Kuno's cheetahs and a Rs 16.7 lakh crore economy.

Maharashtra at a glance: formed on 1 May 1960, 288 Assembly seats, a 78-seat Legislative Council, 48 Lok Sabha seats, 36 districts, a Rs 46.22 lakh crore economy that is 14 per cent of India's, and a legislature that sits in Mumbai and Nagpur.

A profile of Manipur: how the kingdom became a state on 21 January 1972, how its 60-seat Assembly, Hill Areas Committee and Imphal High Court work, what the economy earns, and what sets Loktak Lake, Sagol Kangjei polo and the Nupi Lan apart.

A profile of Meghalaya: how Assam's hill districts became a state on 21 January 1972, how its 60-seat Assembly and three Sixth Schedule councils work, what the economy earns, and what sets its community forests, matrilineal clans and rainfall apart.

A profile of Mizoram: how the Mizo Hills became a Union territory in 1972 and a state on 20 February 1987, how its 40-seat Assembly, three Sixth Schedule councils and Article 371G work, what the economy earns, and the Bairabi to Sairang railway that opened in 2025.

How a Money Bill works under Articles 109 and 110: what it may contain, the Speaker's certificate, the Rajya Sabha's 14 days, and how the Supreme Court handled the Aadhaar Act (2018) and the Finance Act 2017 (referred to a larger Bench in 2019).

A profile of Nagaland: how the Naga Hills and Tuensang became a state on 1 December 1963, how its 60-seat Assembly, village councils and Article 371A work, what the economy earns, and what sets Kohima, the Hornbill Festival and the Inner Line Permit apart.

A profile of Odisha: how the Orissa Province of 1 April 1936 became a state, how its 147-seat Assembly, 21 Lok Sabha seats and Cuttack High Court work, what a projected Rs 11.07 lakh crore economy earns from mining, and what sets Chilika, Konark and its cyclone record apart.

How India's mercy powers work: what Article 72 and Article 161 allow, how a petition moves from jail to the Governor, the Home Ministry and the President, what courts can review, and how the Supreme Court's delay rule changed death-row cases.

How family law is divided by religion in India: the Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Parsi laws, the Special Marriage Act, Article 44, Shah Bano, Shayara Bano, the 2005 inheritance change, Goa's code and Uttarakhand's 2024 Act, with each position attributed.

How the Bommai judgment of 11 March 1994 changed Article 356: the 1977 ruling it replaced, the Karnataka case of 1989, the floor test, the Bihar 2006 and Uttarakhand 2016 cases, the Sarkaria recommendations and a dated count of President's Rule since 1951.

How public interest litigation works in India: the 1979 Hussainara Khatoon petition, the relaxed standing rule, how a letter is screened by the Supreme Court's PIL Cell, landmark orders from Vishaka to M C Mehta, and the 2010 guidelines against misuse.

Puducherry explained: how four French settlements were transferred to India in 1954 and 1962, its 30-seat Assembly and Lieutenant Governor, one Lok Sabha and one Rajya Sabha seat, the 2024-25 economy in figures, and what sets it apart, from French in the statute to Auroville.

A profile of Punjab: how the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 created the present state, how its 117-seat Vidhan Sabha, 13 Lok Sabha seats and common High Court work, what its farms and economy produce, and what the water, Chandigarh and the next census bring.

How Indian MPs hold the government to account: Question Hour and the starred and unstarred question, Zero Hour, calling attention, short duration discussions, adjournment motions and the no-confidence motion under Article 75(3) and Rule 198.

Rajasthan at a glance: 3,42,239 square kilometres, 45,121 MW of solar capacity in September 2026, a 200-seat single-house Assembly, 25 Lok Sabha seats, a state built in stages from 1948 to 1956, UNESCO-listed hill forts and the Beawar campaign for the right to information.

How secularism works in India's Constitution: what Articles 25 to 28 say, what the Constituent Assembly meant in 1948, the Bommai judgment of 1994, the Ayodhya and 2024 Preamble rulings, personal laws and Article 44, and the pending Sabarimala reference.

A profile of Sikkim: how the kingdom became the 22nd state, how its 32-member Assembly and Article 371F work, what the economy earns, and what sets its organic farming, Sangha constituency, Kangchenjunga park and Teesta dams apart.

India's smartphone exports in numbers as of 14 October 2026: ₹2.60 lakh crore in 2025-26, the production-linked incentive scheme that ran from 2020 to March 2026, the main destinations, the companies named, and the ₹62,500 crore scheme that follows.

How India licensed Starlink, Jio Satellite and OneWeb for satellite broadband: the DoT licence, the IN-SPACe authorisation, the May 2025 security conditions, the 5 per cent spectrum charge approved on 3 September 2026, and where the launch stands as of October 2026.

What Articles 371 to 371J give Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat: the text, the dates, the court rulings, and how they differ from the Article 370 that ended in 2019.

Tamil Nadu state profile: how Madras State changed shape in 1956 and name in 1969, its 234-seat single-House Assembly, 39 Lok Sabha seats, 38 districts, the factory economy, the 69 percent reservation law and the two-language policy.

Telangana state profile: how Parliament created the state on 2 June 2014, its two-house legislature, 17 Lok Sabha seats, 33 districts, Hyderabad's IT and pharma economy, Article 371D, Ramappa Temple and what the 2027 census means next.

How India's official language rules work: Article 343, the 22 languages of the Eighth Schedule and when each was added, the Official Languages Act 1963, the 1976 rules, the three-language formula and the 11 classical languages.

How India's anti-defection law works: the 52nd Amendment of 1985, the grounds for disqualification, the two-thirds merger rule, the 91st Amendment of 2003, Kihoto Hollohan (1992) and the Supreme Court's three-month rule for Speakers.

Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala explained: the 13-judge bench, the 7 to 6 vote on 24 April 1973, what the basic structure doctrine says, and how it was used in Indira Gandhi v Raj Narain, Minerva Mills and the NJAC case.

How an operational decision travels in India: the Cabinet Committee on Security, the Chiefs of Staff Committee, service commands, the Andaman and Nicobar Command since 2001, the 2023 law on joint commands, and where theatre commands stand in October 2026.

How the Comptroller and Auditor General of India works: Articles 148 to 151, the 1971 Act, what is audited, how a report reaches Parliament, and the 2G and Commonwealth Games audits as dated examples stated neutrally.

How the Fifth and Sixth Schedules work: who declares Scheduled Areas, what a Governor can do, what Sixth Schedule district councils may legislate and tax, and how PESA 1996 and the Forest Rights Act 2006 hand decisions to gram sabhas.

How the Finance Commission divides central tax revenue between the Centre and the states: Article 280, the 41 per cent share kept by the 16th Commission for 2026-31, its six-part formula for splitting it, the grants, and what the states and the Union each argued.

What the India-UK trade agreement (CETA) changed from 15 July 2026: tariff cuts on both sides, the whisky and car schedules, the five-year social security exemption, origin paperwork, and the official trade data available on 14 October 2026.

A plain guide to the Constitution of India: the 25 Parts and 12 Schedules, how many articles it has, how Article 368 lets Parliament amend it, what 106 amendment Acts changed, where the Supreme Court draws the line, and how the handwritten original was signed.

A dated list of the Indian Navy's 2026 commissionings, from INS Anjadip on 27 February to INS Mangrol on 12 October, with builders, indigenous content, how fast the yards are delivering and why the Navy's count of ten differs from the nine in official releases.

How India's states coordinate with the Centre: the Inter-State Council under Article 263, the five Zonal Councils of 1956, NITI Aayog's Governing Council since 2015 and the GST Council under Article 279A, with dated meetings and the Punchhi Commission's view.

The Preamble of India explained word by word: sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, the 1976 amendment, the Berubari and Kesavananda Bharati rulings, and the Supreme Court's order of 25 November 2024.

How the Reserve Bank of India and the Union Government share monetary power: the six-member MPC, the 4 per cent inflation target and its 2026 review, who sets the rupee's value, and the yearly surplus transfer to the Government, with dates and figures.

How the Right to Information Act, 2005 works: who can file, the Rs 10 fee, the 30-day deadline, the Section 8 exemptions, two appeals, penalties on officers, and the 2019 and 2025 amendments, with Central Information Commission figures to 2024-25.